UNIT-II

MULTISTAGE AMPLIFIERS
INTRODUCTION

 If the voltage or power gain obtained from a

single stage small signal amplifier is not
sufficient for a practical application , we go for
more than one stage of amplification to
achieve required voltage and power gain.
 Such an amplifier is called a multistage
amplifier
INTRODUCTION

In multistage amplifiers, the output of one

stage is fed as the input to the next as shown
in figure below
INTRODUCTION

A multistage amplifier using two or more

single stage common emitter amplifier is
called as cascaded amplifiers
A multistage amplifier with CE as the first
stage and CB as the second stage is called as
cascode amplifier.
Such cascade and cascode connections are
also possible in FET amplifiers
Comparison of various multistage configurations
Use of coupling schemes
When amplifiers are cascaded, it is necessary
to use a coupling network between the output
of one amplifier and the input of the following
amplifier. This type of coupling is called as
inter stage coupling
These coupling networks serves the following
– It transfers the ac output of one stage to the input
of the next stage
– It isolates the dc conditions of one stage to the
next stage
– It also provides impedance matching
Different coupling schemes

• Resistance –Capacitance coupling

or
Capacitive Coupling

• Direct Coupling

• Transformer Coupling
Capacitive Coupling

Note that there is a single dc source (VCC), as well as

the signal ground, common to both stages.
Direct Coupling

Direct coupling is just what it sounds like – two

amplifier stages are direct coupled if the output
of the first stage is connected to the input of the
second without the use of capacitors.
Transformer Coupling

N1 gives the number of turns in the primary coil and N2 is

the number of turns in the secondary coil. The turns
ratio may be expressed as N1:N2 as shown in the figure,
a:1 (where a=N1/N2), or 1:a (where a=N2/N1).
Frequency response
• The voltage gain and phase shift of the gain
depend on the frequency range over which
the amplifier operate
• In general the entire frequency range can be
divided into three ranges
– Mid frequency range
– Low frequency range
– High frequency range
Mid -Frequency range

• In this frequency range the voltage gain is

practically constant and is not affected by the
changes of the capacitances in the circuit
• The reactance Xc=1/WCc of the coupling
capacitor in series between the amplifying
stages is very small so that it can be neglected
• Therefore the voltage gain may be considered
as Aom=1
Low frequency range

• In this frequency range , the circuit behaves

like the simple high pass
circuit as shown in figure
• From the circuit
Low frequency range

• Where
• Therefore the magnitude of the voltage gain
at low frequency response is

• And the phase angle is

• At f=fL,
High frequency range
• Above the mid band
frequency, the transistor
behaves like the simple low
pass circuit as shown in figure
• From the circuit,
High frequency range
• Therefore

• Let we get
• Therefore the magnitude of the voltage gain is

• and phase is

• .
Frequency response
Analysis of cascaded RC coupled BJT
amplifiers