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CHAPTER-10
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DATA PROCESSING
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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-1

The data preparation process

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DATA EDITING

DATA CODING
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DATA CLASSIFICATION

DATA TABULATION
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EXPLORATORY DATA ANALYSIS

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-2

Field work validation

Pre-survey
 In case the form has been translated into another language
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 The questionnaire survey has to be done at multiple locations and

if one has outsourced to outside research investigators , thus
there might have been discrepancy in conduction or recording

Post-survey
 The qualifying instructions like-“in case answer is ----- please
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answer the next set of questions else go to question-------.” were

overlooked.
 The respondent seems to have used the same response category
for all the questions.
 The form that is received back is incomplete.
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 The form has been filled in by someone who is not representative

of the population to be studied.
 The forms are not in proportion to the sampling plan.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-3

Benefits of data editing

The data obtained is complete in all respects.
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It is accurate in terms of information recorded and

responses sought.
Questionnaires are legible and are correctly deciphered,
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especially the open ended questions.

The response format is in the form that was instructed.

The data is structured in a manner that entering the

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information will not be a problem.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-4

Data editing
Field editing: usually done by the field investigators at the
end of every field day the investigator(s) who must
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review the filled forms for any inconsistencies, non-

response, illegible responses or incomplete
questionnaires.

Centralized in-house editing: usually done at the

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researcher’s end.
Backtracking
Allocating missing values
Plug value
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Discarding unsatisfactory responses

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-5

Data coding
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The process of identifying and denoting a numeral to

the responses given by the respondent is called
coding
Field
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Record

File
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Data matrix

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-6

Data coding
Sample record: Excel sheet for two-wheeler owners
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Vehicle
Column 3 Km/day Family size
Unit occupation Column 4 Marital status Column 6
Column 1 Column 2 Column 5
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1 4 1 20 1 3
2 3 2 25 2 1
3 5 1 25 1 4
4 2 1 15 2 2
5 4 2 20 2 4
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6 5 2 35 2 6
7 1 1 40 1 3
8 5 2 20 2 4

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-7

Code book formulation

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Appropriate to the research objective

Comprehensive
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Mutually exclusive

Single variable entry

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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-8

Pre-Coding
closed-ended questions
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Dichotomous questions:
Do you eat ready-to-eat food? Yes=1; no=0 (X-1)
Ranking questions
Q.NO. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name
1. Balika Badhu Number from 1-10 X 10a
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2. Sathiya Number from 1-10 X 10b

3. Sasural Genda Phool Number from 1-10 X 10c
4. Bidai Number from 1-10 X 10d
5. Pathshala Number from 1-10 X 10e
6. Bandini Number from 1-10 X 10f
7. Laptaganj Number from 1-10 X 10g
8. Sajan Ghar Jaaana Hai Number from 1-10 X 10h
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9. Tere Liye Number from 1-10 X 10i

10. Uttaran Number from 1-10 X 10j

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-9

Pre-Coding
Closed-ended questions
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Checklists/multiple responses
How many columns will you make for the following
question?
Which of the following newspapers do you read (tick all that you read)
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Times of India --------------------

Hindustan Times ---------------------
Mail Today ----------------------
Indian Express ---------------------
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Deccan Chronicle ---------------------

Asian Age ----------------------
Mint ----------------------.

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-10
Pre-Coding
Closed-ended questions
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Scaled questions
Col.no. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name
1. Individual shops more A number from 1 to 5 X 1a
SA = 5, A = 4, N = 3, D =
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2, SD = 1
2. Well informed - do - X 1b
3. Knows what to buy - do - X 1c
4. More spending money - do - X 1d
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5. More shopping options - do - X 1e

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-11
Sample code book extract
Symbol
Question used for
Variable Name Coding Instruction
No. variable
name
Yes = 1
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1. Buy ready to eat food products X1

No = 0
Yes = 1
2. Use ready to eat food products X2
No = 0
Less than 20 yrs = 1,
21 to 26 years = 2,
22. Age 27 to 35 years = 3, X22
36 to 45 years = 4,
More than 45 years = 5
Male = 1
23. Gender X23
Female = 2
Single = 1
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24. Marital status Married = 2 X24

Divorced/widow = 3
25. No. of children Exact no. to be written X25
One to two = 1,
26. Family size Three to five = 2, X26
Six & more = 3
Rs.20000 to Rs.34999 = 1,
Rs.35000 to Rs.50000 = 2,
27. Monthly household income X27
Rs.50001 to Rs.74999 = 3
Rs.75000 & above = 4
Less than graduation = 1
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28. Education Graduation = 2 X28

Post graduation & above = 3
Student = 1
Businessman = 2
Professional = 3
29. Occupation X29
Service = 4
Housewife = 5
Others = 6

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-12
Post-Coding
Open-ended questions
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If you think Lean was a success so far, please specify

three most significant reasons that have contributed to its
success in your opinion?
Col.no. Variable name Coding instructions Variable name

63. Yes = 1 X 63a

Improvement at work place by eliminating waste.
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No = 0
64 Yes = 1 X 63b
To meet increasing demands of customers
No = 0
65 Yes = 1 X 63c
To improve quality
No = 0
66 Yes = 1 X 63d
To achieve corporate goal
No = 0
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67 Yes = 1 X 63e
It reduces cycle time of the manufacturing & production.
No = 0
68 Yes = 1 X 63f
Reduced response time
No = 0
69 Yes = 1 X 63g
Enhanced innovation and creativity
No = 0

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-13

Classification and tabulation of data

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Classification by attributes: mostly categorical

Classification by class intervals: this could be

exclusive or inclusive
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Tabulation: arrangement of data into an orderly

arrangement of rows and columns in order to subject it
to statistical analysis
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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-14

Exploratory data analysis

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Sample characteristics: age group of the sample

Age groups frequency percent

20-25 27 27.0
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26-30 37 37.0
31-35 9 9.0
36-40 22 22.0
41-45 3 3.0
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46 & above 2 2.0

Total 100 100.0

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-15

Exploratory data analysis

pie charts
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Age Group

20-25
26-30
31-35
36-40
41-45
46 & Above
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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-16

Exploratory data analysis

bar charts
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Age Group

40

30
F re q u e n c y
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20

10

0
20-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46 & Above

Age Group
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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-17
Exploratory data analysis
histograms
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Histogram

6
F re q u e n c y
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Mean =18.3553
Std. Dev. =6.55777
0
N =15
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10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

purchase in gms

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-18
Exploratory data analysis
stem and leaf diagrams
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Purchase distribution of customers purchase of

gold jewellery

13 1339
15 668
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16 36
17 37
18 2
22 2
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31 0
35 6

RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

 SLIDE 10-19

Statistical software packages

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MS EXCEL

MINITAB
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System for Statistical Analysis(SAS)

Statistical Software for Social Sciences(SPSS)

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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND

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END OF CHAPTER
DR DEEPAK CHAWLA
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RESEARCH CONCEPTS AND