WEEK 3 LESSON 2

8.2   Identification of Anions

MYP Criteria:

Criterion A
Strands: iii

Criterion B
Strands: iv

In this lesson, the students will:

K: how to test for the presence of anions
U: application of each test
D: identify the an unknown salt using cation and anion test & flame test

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 IDENTIFICATION OF ANions
Common anions: Cl- Br- I-

Add about 2ml of aqueous

chloride to a test tube

Add equal volume of dilute

HNO3
acid

Add a few drops of silver (I)

nitrate to the tube effervescence limewater turns chalky

Repeat with aqueous solutions of

bromide and iodide

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 IDENTIFICATION OF ANions
Common anions: CO32-

Add about 2ml of aqueous

carbonate to a test tube

Add equal volume of dilute

HNO3/ HCl
acid

Channel the gas released into

lime water and record the effervescence limewater turns chalky
observation

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 IDENTIFICATION OF ANions
Common anions: SO42-

Add about 2ml of aqueous sulfate

to a test tube

Add equal volume of dilute HCl acid

effervescence limewater turns chalky

Add a few drops of BaCl

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 IDENTIFICATION OF ANions
Common anions: NO32-

Add about 2ml of aqueous nitrate to a test tube

Add 1ml of sodium hydroxide followed by

acid
aluminium foil or aluminium powder

effervescence limewater turns chalky

The gas released tested with damped litmus

paper

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 Overview:
Anion Test Observations
effervescence, limewater turns chalky (carbon
dioxide)
add dilute acid (any acid)
decolourises acidified potassium manganate (VII)

add acidified barium nitrate white precipitate formed

add sodium hydroxide with aluminium foil, heat moist red litmus turns blue (ammonia)

white precipitate. formed

add acidified silver nitrate cream precipitate formed

yellow precipitate formed

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 Working principles behind testing of anion:

a) Carbonate reacting with an acid

carbonate + acid 🡪 salt + carbon dioxide + water

Example 1: Sodium carbonate and hydrochloric acid

sodium carbonate + hydrochloric acid 🡪 sodium chloride + carbon dioxide + water

 
Example 2: Copper (II) carbonate and hydrochloric acid

copper (II) carbonate + hydrochloric acid 🡪 copper (II) chloride + carbon dioxide + water

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 c) Sulfate reacting with barium nitrate

sulfate + barium nitrate 🡪 barium sulfate + nitrate salt

Example 1: magnesium sulfate and barium nitrate

magnesium sulfate + barium nitrate 🡪 barium sulfate + magnesium nitrate

 
Example 2: sodium sulfate and barium nitrate
sodium sulfate + barium nitrate 🡪 barium sulfate + sodium nitrate

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 d) Halides reacting with silver nitrate

halide + silver nitrate 🡪 silver halide + nitrate salt

Example 1: potassium chloride and silver nitrate

potassium chloride + silver nitrate 🡪 silver chloride + potassium nitrate

 
Example 2: sodium bromide and silver nitrate
sodium bromide + silver nitrate 🡪 silver sulfate + sodium nitrate

 
Example 3: potassium iodide and silver nitrate
potassium iodide + silver nitrate 🡪 silver iodide + potassium nitrate

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 WEEK 2 LESSON 2

Flame Test
Heating Effect on Solids

MYP Criteria:

Criterion A
Strands: iii

Criterion B
Strands: iv

In this lesson, the students will:

K: the different flame colour for 4 salts
U: how decomposition of salts happens
D: write chemical equations to illustrate the reaction

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 Heating effect
a) FLAME TEST

A small quantity of solid

sipped with splinter

Non-luminous flame Red Yellow Lilac Green

(air hole open) Lithium Sodium Potassium Copper

b) HEATING EFFECT
Most carbonate, nitrate, and sulfite salts decomposes upon heating to form an oxide and a gas,
except sodium carbonate and potassium carbonate
Ammonium salts decomposes upon heating to form two gases: ammonia and another gas.

SALT OXIDE GAS

The appearance of the oxide will give us a hint on the cation present in the salt while the
identity of the gas will tell us the anion present (except ammonium)

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 Appearance of oxide:
White crystals sublimes
Remains white White turned yellow during Blue/green Green/brown turned
during heating, forms
all the time heating, white when cooled turned black red during heating,
back crystals when
brown when cooled
cooled
Ca2+ or Al3+ Zn2+ Cu2+ Fe2+ or Fe3+ NH4+ or hydrated

Identity of gas:

Limewater turns Gas rekindles glowing Pungent gas, turned moist Pungent gas, decolorises
chalky splint, brown gas evolved red litmus paper blue purple KMnO4

Carbon dioxide Oxygen, Nitrogen dioxide Ammonia Sulfur dioxide

CO32- NO3- NH4+ SO32-

carbonate nitrate ammonium sulfite

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 Working principles behind heating effects:

a) Heating carbonate

metal carbonate 🡪 metal oxide + carbon dioxide

Example 1: calcium carbonate

calcium carbonate 🡪 calcium oxide + carbon dioxide

 
Example 2: silver carbonate
silver carbonate 🡪 silver oxide + carbon dioxide

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 b) Heating nitrate

metal nitrate 🡪 metal oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen

Example 1: sodium nitrate

sodium nitrate 🡪 sodium oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen

 
Example 2: copper (II) carbonate
copper (II) nitrate 🡪 copper (II) oxide + nitrogen dioxide + oxygen

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 c) Heating ammonium

ammonium salt 🡪 ammonia + acidic gas

Example 1: ammonium chloride

ammonium chloride 🡪 ammonia + hydrogen chloride

 
Example 2: ammonium sulfate
ammonium sulfate 🡪 ammonia + hydrogen sulfate

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 d) Heating sulfite

metal sulfite 🡪 metal oxide + sulfur dioxide

Example 1: sodium sulfite

sodium sulfite 🡪 sodium oxide + sulfur dioxide

 
Example 2: copper (II) sulfite
copper (II) sulfite 🡪 copper (II) oxide + sulfur dioxide

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Scientific and Scientific and technological advances can enable
Technical functional energy transformation within, and Change Energy