M4 CHEMISTRY

S2 Q4 : Organic Chemistry
Polymers
Global Context: Key Concept: Related Concept:

Personal and System Patterns and Models

Cultural
Expression

Statement of Enquiry:
Statement of Inquiry
Scientific
Scientist anddifferent
discern technological advances
patterns cancompounds
of organic enable functional energywith
into families transformation
similar forms and
within,
follow theand between,
same patternssystems.
when reacting with other substances to form a system with rules
which help to explain how it works in real world situations..
Organic Chemistry

POLYMERISATION
 K
1. State the definition of polymers
2. State the types of polymerisation
U
1. Describe the conditions required for condensation and
addition polymerisation
D
1. Discuss about the Environmental issues concerns of
Synthetic polymers
1 2
What is a polymer
4 5
State the advantages of
plastics
7 State the examples of 8 9
addition plastics
3
Define monomer What are the types of
polymer
6 State the differences
What are the conditions
between two different
required for
types of polymerisation
polymerisation
What are the advantages
What are the disadvantages
of plastics
of plastics
 Polymerisation
Polymers
• Polymers are very large molecules called macromolecules
built up of many small units called monomers.
• Different macromolecules or polymers have different units or
monomers joined by different linkages.
• A polymer is a macromolecule which is made up of a large
number of simple molecules called monomers
 Polymers
Polymers
Synthetic polymers Natural polymers
Polythene, Carbohydrates
PVC,
Proteins
Polystyrene,
Rubber (Natural)
Nylon,
Teflon ,
Perspex,
Terylene,
Polyurethane
 How polymers are formed?

Classification of Polymers

Addition Condensation
polymerisation polymerisation
Addition reactions of alkenes.mp4

Condensation Polymerisation Organic Chemistry Chemistry FuseSchool.mp4

 Polymers

Condensation
Additional polymers
Polymers
Polythene
Nylon
Polypropene
Polyesters
Polychlorethene (PVC)
Polysaccharides
Polyphenylethene
Proteins
 Addition polymerisation
In addition polymerisation one monomer adds on
to the another monomer to form a long chain
polymer.
The monomers must have a carbon-carbon
double bond so that addition reaction can take
place.
 Addition Polymerization
• Many plastics (synthetic polymers) are made by this process
• The polymerization process is initiated with a free radical (a species
with an unpaired electron). The free radical attacks and breaks the
double bond forming a new free radical that attacks another monomer
• Addition Polymerization always results in one product, the
polymer
• Requires unsaturated hydrocarbon monomers and bond saturation
occurs when the polymer is made
• Common polymers produced by addition polymerization:
 Addition polymerisation
Example of addition polymerisation
Formation of polyethene from ethene
 Addition polymers

Poly Vinyl Chloride (PVC)

It is an addition polymer made from a monomer
called vinyl chloride or chloroethene.

It is used for making water pipes, gloves, rain coats and shower
curtains.
 Addition polymers and their uses

Poly(tetrafluoroethene) [PTFE]
It is an addition polymer made from a monomer
called tetrafluoroethene.

Function:
 Plastics by addition polymerisation
Activity 1- in a group of 4 discuss the addition polymers and their uses

Polymer monomer Trade name Uses

Low Density
Polyethylene
High Density
Polyethylene
polyvinyl chloride

Polypropylene

Polystyrene

Teflon

Saran
 Plastics by addition polymerisation
Activity 1- in a group of 4 discuss the addition polymers and their uses

Polymer monomer Trade name Uses

polyacrilonitrile

polyvinylacetate

polyvinylalcohol

polyethylene
 Activity
Topic Group
Monomers and polymers 1
• What are plastics
• What is plastic made of
• Types of plastics and the content
• Plastic recycling codes

Plastic pollution-Effects to the 2

environment
- Plastic pollution in ocean- cause and
effect to the marine life
- Microplastic pollution-Birds’ ingesting
3
hundreds of bits of plastics a day.
- Landfill accumulation
Plastics Threatens Human Health 4

BPA and endocrine-disrupting chemicals

Toxicity of flame retardants to human
health
 Activity

Topic Group
Discuss the ways to reduce plastic 5
pollution?
• Ways To Reduce Ocean Plastic
Pollution
• List of action to reduce plastic
pollution
• Laws and practice in different region
of the world to limit the use of plastics
• regulate the disposal of plastic bags
Bioplastics and Biodegradable plastics
What are the differences between plastics
and bioplastics? 6
What is bioplastic made of?
What is the purpose of bioplastic?
What are biodegradable plastics?
Bioplastic vs biodegradable plastic- how
do they work
 Condensation polymerisation

• In condensation polymerisation, two or more

monomers join together with the elimination
of a small molecule, such as water.
• The monomers must have different reactive
functional groups so that they can react
together to form a polymer.
• The polymer formed is called a condensation
polymer.
 Condensation Polymerization
• Monomers combine to form a polymer and a bi-product. Each
time a bond forms between monomers, small molecules, such
as water, ammonia, or HCl are “condensed” out.
• The polymerization of nylon:
•For condensation polymerization
to occur, monomers must be
bifunctional, meaning they have
at least two functional groups.
• If they only had one functional
group, then only one bond would
form.
 Condensation Polymerization
• Condensation polymerization also produces natural polymers,
called proteins.
• Amino acids (monomers) polymerize to make peptides (short
chains of amino acids) or proteins (long chains of amino acids)
 Exit task activity
Make a mind map to show the differences
between addition and condensation
polymerisation.

Addition Condensation
 Plastics by addition polymerisation
Activity 1- in a group of 4 discuss the condensation
polymers and their uses
Polymer monomer Trade name Uses

polyethylene
terephthalate (PET)
Nylon

Polyurethane
 https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=NQpTQFGKRN8
Questions
1. Which small molecule is formed in the
condensation reaction in this case?
2. The diamine is present in excess in this
method. Why is this useful?
3. Why is the nylon made in this demonstration
sometimes referred to as nylon-6,10?

Watch-Write-Do