DOMES

CASTCON:
B.PUJITHA - 10
E.SAI JYOTHI - 17
K.V.POOJITHA – 25
P.NANDARAJ GOUD -57
Y.ARCHANA – 77
AZMATH - 41
 • CORBEL
• GEODESIC
• CROSSED-ARCH
TYPES • ONION
• OVAL
• SAUCER
• UMBRELLA
• NETWORK
• RIBBED
• LAMELLA
• BRACED
 • They can be derived from Schwedler domes
by the rotation of each polygonal ring through
an angle of π/n with respect to the ring below
NETWORK where n=no of sides.
• They are theoretically better than Schwedler
DOME domes but they are much more difficult to
erect.
• The peculiarity of network domes is that they
are stable only under an odd number of sides.
• With an even number of sides the structure
becomes critical.
• These domes can also be used to cover
rectangular areas.
 • They consist of a number of identical radial solid or
trussed (latticed) interconnected at the crown and
supported in an adequate way at the foundation.
RIBBED DOME • Braced Rib domes: This type of roof is not economical
because it does not incorporate the advantages of
structural interaction of latitudinal intermediate rings.
• Depending on the base diameter of the dome, there
may be 8 to 72 intersecting braced ribs.
• They are usually of constant depth. Braced ribbed
domes with different braces Solid Rib domes:
• They are similar to braced arch domes in spatial
arrangement, except that
• a) the meridional ribs are composed of shallower solid-
web sections, rolled, built up, boxed or even diamond
box shaped,
• b) the meridional space system is additionally
integrated by intermediate rings between upper
compression ring and the lower peripheral ring, and
• c) all the ribs generally terminate at the upper
compression ring instead of some being carried
through. Solid ribbed dome with a circular base
 • They are another curvilinear system of ribbed
domes, characterized by
• a) only a few of the ribs running from the rim
LAMELLA to the crown of the dome as meridional
spherical sector dividers,
DOME • b) all other ribs running as intra-sector parallel
lines, curvilinear or straight, and
• c)a diamond grid being thus formed. Lamella
domes are structurally indeterminate. Usually
these types of domes are analysed using
matrix methods of structural analysis.
 • They are composed either of members lying on
a surface of revolution, or of straight members
BRACED DOME with their connecting points lying on such a
surface; an arrangement which avoids any
obstruction of the inner space.
• This arrangement generally results in a dome of
circular base, or in one truncated into a
polygonal base, though domes with elliptical or
oval surface have also been used in rare cases.
• Types of braced domes:
• a) Frame or skeleton type (single layer dome)
• b) Truss type (or double layer dome) which is
extremely rigid and provides greater resistance
to buckling- suitable for very large spans.
• c) Stressed skin type (in which the covering
forms an integral part of the structural system)
and
• d) Formed surface type (in which bent sheets
are interconnected along their edges to form the
main skeleton of the dome).
 • FLATTENED CONDUIT
CONSTRUCTION • TUBE AND HUB
• BEAM AND HUB
TECHNIQUES • PANELLISED TIMBER FRAME
• STRESSED SKIN
• MONOLITHIC
• SPACE FRAME
• BRICK AND FORMER
• FOAM AND RENDER
 • Probably the simplest way to build a geodesic
dome frame.
FLATTENED • Flatten the end of some metal tubing bend it slightly
CONDUIT then drill a hole.
• Used for burning man, climbing frames and other
small projects.
Advantages:
• Really easy to build, easily
assembled/disassembled, no special tools
required, just make sure you don''t split the tube
when you flatten it and that you flatten enough so
you can put the bend in without interfering with
other struts.

Disadvantages:
• Quite crude, can only be covered with material
because joints don''t finish level.
 • Another simple construction technique, slightly
more work than the flattened conduit method but is
a more professional and flexible system.
TUBE AND HUB • Instead of joining the struts directly together a
larger diameter pipe is used as a hub holes are
drilled through the hub and the struts are bolted to
it.

Advantages:
• Makes a nice neat job with all struts finishing level
while still being cheap and easy to build.

Disadvantages:
• Great for material covers but there is no easy way
to fix a hard covering material.
 • Wooden beams are attached to specially made hubs
to form the dome framework; the angles are taken
care of by the hubs so all you have to do is cut the
BEAM AND HUB beams to the correct length.
• More expensive to build than a tube type framework
but makes a solid permanent dome.

Advantages:
• Simple dome construction system that doesn''t require
specialist tools or knowledge to build.

Disadvantages:
• The hubs can be expensive and hard to find because
they have to be specially made. When the beams
have board nailed on both sides there is no way to
ventilate the void between, in a heated dome this can
lead to damp, dry rot and a number of other problems.
 • This system uses wooden beams but instead
of metal hubs at the joints panels are made
that join at the edges and have the outside
PANELLISED material attached (usually plywood).
• These panels are factory made so all you have
TIMBER FRAME to do is nail them together in the correct order
to build a dome.

Advantages:
• Simple and extremely fast way to build a
permanent dome structure.

Disadvantages:
• Because the panels are factory made you
don''t get much design choice.
• Ventilation problems can occur when material
is fixed to both sides.
 • Metal or fiberglass panels are bolted/riveted
together to form the dome, there are no beams,
hubs or separate support structure the skin does
STRESSED SKIN everything.

Advantages:
• Probably the most cost effective and efficient way
to build a dome.
• Some simple fabrication is required but this can be
easily sourced locally.
Disadvantages:
Metal sweats when it gets cold so some form of
insulation has to be glued to the inside of the panels
to prevent condensation forming.
Cutting holes for doors and windows can seriously
weaken the dome structure.
 • There are basically three stages involved in
building a monolithic dome:
• First an air form membrane made from PVC is
inflated on the site were the dome is to be built; this
MONOLITHIC acts as the out weatherproof skin on the finished
dome.
• Next the inside is sprayed with polyurethane foam
to insulate the structure; reinforcing bar is fixed to
the foam ready for the next stage. Finally a
concrete mix is sprayed on top of the urethane to
finish.

Advantages:
• Very strong efficient structure requiring very little in
the way of heating/cooling.

Disadvantages:
• The outer airform that acts as a weatherproof
membrane can be damaged easily allowing water
into the insulation layer.
 • Building domes using space frame is actually quite
simple, the struts are made from solid bar and they
are connected together with solid balls that have
SPACE FRAME fixing points machined into them.
• Very commonly seen at airports and exhibition
halls.
• Too expensive for the DIY builder but still
interesting, the Eden project was built using a
space frame.
 • This building method dates back hundreds of years
and was also used to build arches, bridges etc.
• A wooden former is made to the shape required
BRICK AND then stone, brick, or concrete is laid on top of the
former to produce the final dome shape.
FORMER • The former is used to hold the brick, stone or
concrete in place until it sets and is able to support
its own weight.
• Usually the former is removed but there is no
reason why it couldn''t be left in place.

Advantages:
• Makes a very strong long lasting dome that can be
built using reclaimed materials.

Disadvantages:
• A lot of expense is involved in making the former
that MUST support the whole weight of the dome
when the dome is finished the former becomes
redundant.
 • This method uses polystyrene foam or urethane
foam as a former.
FOAM AND • Cut and glue the foam together to form the dome
RENDER shape.
• Next tie chicken wire over the foam to act as
reinforcing mesh.
• Finally apply a thin layer of cement render over the
whole structure to weatherproof and finish the
dome.

Advantages:
• Easy to change or alter the foam former

Disadvantages:
• Only suitable for very small domes.
 CASE STUDY

GOCHEOK
SKY DOME
 • South-Western Dome Baseball Stadium, 2009
• Location : Seoul,
OVERVIEW OF • Korea Occupancy : Sport Stadium

THE DOME • Area : 62,443 ㎡ (2 Story Below Ground, 4

Stories Above Ground) Seating
• capacity : 22,258 Seats Structure
• System : Steel Space Frame & RC
• Frame Architect : Ilkun + Atee
• Architects Contractor : Hyundai Development
Company
• Time for construction: 6 years
• Dome: geodesic Dome Contents: ballpark,
swimming pool, gym
• Structure : R.C Frame, P.C Stand Roof/Space
Frame + Membrane, including baseball Hall.
 • Based on how the External load resisted
• Compression structure : shells
MODELLING OF • Tension structure: tension fabric, air-supported, air
SPATIAL inflated and cable-net
• Both Tension and compression :space grids and
STRUCTURE different domes
 • Surface determines: the distribution and magnitude
of the stress and deflection under external loading
MEMBRANE condition.(r is minimum for out plane stresses)

DETAILS • Model prepared and tested by frei otto’s soap film

experiment to find the minimal surface. Or
nonlinear analysis
• Finite analysis method: Boundary conditions of the
structure. Newton- raphson method,cst method.
• Warp yarns in hanging direction of surface
• Weft yarns (wind load suction resistance)
membrane dome comprises 16 panels with
(width=7.4 m) Resulting in a total size of 100 m by
120 m and a maximum height of 12 m at the center
• An initial uniform force per width of 3 kN is applied
for both warp and fill directions of the membrane.
The prestressing force of the cable varies
depending on the length of the panel from 140 kN
for the shortest panel (panel 2) to 170 kN for the
longest panel (panel 8).
 • Barrel vault-shaped membrane structure supported
by steel structure
MEMBRANE • Shortest panel-2 of Membrane of 58m long,3m high
DETAILS on center, load is 140KN/cable
• Longest panel-8 of Membrane 100m length and
height 12m, load is 170KN/cable
• Uplift pressure :-141 kgf/m2 D
• Downward pressure :79kgf/m2 Snow
load:50kgf/m2.
 • The fabric used is Sheerfill II,
• Ultimate strength : 137.5 kN/m in the warp
FABRIC MATERIAL • In the fill direction: 98.1 kN/m

PROPERTIES • The coated fabric weight:1.428 Kg/m3,

• Thickness:0.76mm,
• Solar transmission:12%,
• Solar reflectance:73%
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