Real-Time Embedded Systems: Instructor: Dr. M. Naeem Shehzad Assistant Professor

EEE446
Real-time Embedded Systems

Lecture 1
Instructor: Dr. M. Naeem Shehzad

Assistant Professor
naeem.shehzad@cuilahore.edu.pk
Office:
Faculty Block, Room No. 28
COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus

What are the contents?
• The field is very vast
• There are various aspects and the same subject is

being taught with very diverse contents
 Our course is an abstract level course and gives

an overview of various topics without too much
details
 The course is RTES and not ES
2 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

Course Books
• Real-Time Concepts for Embedded Systems
Qing Li and Carolyn Yao
• Embedded/Real-Time Systems: Concepts, Design

and Programming-The Ultimate Reference
Dr. K.V.K.K. Prasad
• Embedded Systems : An integrated approach
Lyla B. Das
• Real-Time Systems by Jane W.S. Liu
• Hard Real-time Computing Systems, 3rd Edition, by

G. C. Buttazzo
Objectives of course
After passing this course, the student should be
familiar with
1.The embedded systems and Real-time embedded

systems
2.Hardware and software architecture and development

process of embedded systems
3.Real time operating systems
4.Scheduler and scheduling policies
5.Realizing the design with petrinets

Organization of the Presentation
 What is an embedded system
 Features
 Classification
 Architecture
 Recent trends
 Real time embedded systems

Popular gadgets of early 90’s

Popular gadgets of 2019

Today’s World

Today’s World

TOP Technologies in 2018
MIT Technology Review unveils technology list of 2018
 Sensing City The aim is to integrate urban design with

cutting edge technology in order to make “smart cities” more
affordable, liveable and environmentally sustainable.
Cloud-based AI services The availability of artificial

intelligence tools in the cloud will mean that advanced
machine learning is widely accessible to many different
businesses.

TOP Technologies in 2018
MIT Technology Review unveils technology list of 2018
Babel Fish earbuds. It let humans understand each other
while communicating in different languages
 Zero-carbon Natural Gas New engineering methods
make it possible to capture carbon released during the
burning of natural gas
Perfecting Online Privacy Blockchain-based privacy
systems make it possible for digital transactions to be
recorded and validated while protecting the privacy of the
information and identities underlying the exchange of
information.
Genetic Fortune Telling It is is possible to predict
chances of diseases such as cancer, or even IQ, by
analyzing genetic data.
Top activities of 90’s

Top activities of 2019

Effect on culture/life style



Effects on culture/life style

Reasons of this change ?
 Digital Revolution
• The Digital Revolution is the change from mechanical and
analogue electronic technology to digital electronics
• The Digital Revolution also marks the beginning of the Information
Era.
• The main step was the building of a processing chip..A device to
process the data

Computer ?

Computer ?

Components involved?
• The Processor (The brain)
– Fetch, decode and execute cycle
• System clock
– Synchronize the activity of CPU
– Technology used for processor must match the clock
• Memory
• I/O system
– To communicate with outside world
– Specialized controller for most I/Os for compatibility of
CPU with the device
• Computer Software

Computer ?

1st Computer of history
ENIAC machine by John W. Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert
at the University of Pennsylvania

Invisible computer ?

What is an Embedded system?

 Another general Definition:
 A device which has a computing device in it but is
not itself a general purpose computer.
 ES is expected to complete its dedicated function

without human intervention.
 ES are expected to monitor, respond or even

control the external environment using sensors
and actuators.


Some other names?
 Ubiquitous computing system
 “Ubiquitous” means found everywhere
 The computing systems that are present any where
and any time
 Pervasive computing system
 “Pervasive” means spreading widely throughout an
area
 The Computing systems that are growing rapidly
 Ambience intelligence
 The systems that are present any where and any time

Embedded system-Block diagram?

General purpose system vs. ES
Criteria General Purpose Embedded system
Computer
Contents Generic Hardware and Specialized Hardware,

general purpose OS Embedded OS,
executing variety of execution of Specific
applications applications
Alteration Applications are Applications are

alterable by user generally not alterable
by user
Power consumption More Less
Response time Not Critical Critical for some

applications
Key factor Performance Application specific
Requirements

Embedded systems everywhere!
• Consumer appliances
– Toys, MP3 player, Dig Cameras, Microwave, RC etc
• Office automation
– Fax, Scanner, Key telephone; printer, etc
• Industrial automation
– PLCs, Control circuits, Monitoring systems etc.
• Medical electronics
– Blood pressure device, ECG, X Ray, Scanners etc.
• Computer networking
– Internet is a set of ES
– Routers, Switches, Bridges etc.

Embedded systems everywhere!
• Wireless technologies
– Mobile, GPS
• Automobile
– Fuel injection, Air bags, fuel alarm, Seat belt alarm etc.
• Security
– Bio metric system, Metal detector, Missile defense system
• Finance
– ATM,

Examples
• Automobiles
– More than 70 dedicated microprocessors
– Open loop fuel injection is now EFI, A closed loop system
with multiple sensors to optimize performance and
emissions
– Emission is decreased by more than 90 % in last three
decades
– Headlight control
– Power windows control
– Wiper control
– Air bags
– ABS

Examples (Anti Lock Braking System)

WAYMO (Google self driving car)
•What is advantage ?
More than 90 % of accidents occur due to human error
Features of an ES
• ES does a very specific task
• ES needs to be highly reliable
• Some ES have to operate in extreme

environmental conditions
• ES has to work against some dead lines

Features of an ES
• ES have constrained for power
– Gradual decay of power
• Limited user interface
• ES have very limited resources particularly the

memory
• Software up-gradation
• Cost
• Size

Design constraints of an ES
• Manufacturing cost
• Design cost
• Performance
• Power
• Time to market
• User friendly interface
• Handy
• Look
• etc

Classification of ES
Based on functionality and performance

requirements, ES can be classified as :
 Stand-alone Embedded Systems
 Networked Information Appliances
 Mobile Devices
 Real-time Embedded Systems

Stand-alone
Take inputs, process them and produce the desired output.
Input can be electrical signals from transducers /commands/

human
The output can be electrical signals to drive another system/

LED display or LCD display for displaying of information to the
users.
Examples:
1.Digital thermometer
2.RC

Networked Information Appliances
 ES with network interfaces
 Used in network
 Accessed by network
 Internet
 Company’s intranet
 ES can send real-time data to a central location from where the

entire process control system can be monitored.
 The monitoring done using a web browser.
 Web camera : Sends real-time pictures to any computer connected

to the Internet.

Networked Information Appliances

Mobile Devices
 Mobile devices such as mobile phones, Personal Digital
Assistants (PDAs), smart phones etc.
 The limitations of the mobile devices,

 Memory constraints,
 Small size,
 Lack of good user interfaces.

Real-time Systems
 ES for which the temporal correctness of produced
output is equally important as the logical correctness
 Logical Correctness: If a system produces an output

correctly, for which it is designed
 Temporal Correctness: If a system produces a correct

output at a correct time!

Real-time Systems
Real-time Systems

Real-time Systems
 ES for which the temporal correctness of produced

output is equally important as the logical correctness
 Environment of RTS creates event(s)

 RTS receives these events
 RTS injects its response into the environment

Real-time Systems
 Note
• All real-time systems are not embedded systems
• All embedded systems are not real-time systems
• Embedded systems which have real-time constraints

are real-time embedded system

Real-time Systems
 Consider following examples
• An aircraft uses a pulses of accelerometer to find its

location
• An over temperature monitoring system
• Air ticket reservation for a plane which is leaving in 5

minutes

Real-Time Systems
 Logically Correct and Temporally Incorrect
Systems
 Can produce erroneous results, which can be

hazardous
 Can produce completely useless results
 Can produce degraded results
 How to determine this grading?

 Based on the strictness of timing constraints
Real-Time Systems
 Broader Classification of Real-time Systems
 Hard Real-time Systems
 Soft Real-time Systems

Real-Time Systems

Real-Time Systems
 Hard Real-time Systems
.

Real-time Systems

Real-time Systems

Real-time Systems

Real-time Systems

Real-time Systems (example)
 Real-time weapon defense system

The idea is to shred an incoming missile
Parts
 RADAR
 Command and Decision (C&D)
 Weapon firing control system
 The communication between RADAR and C&D is

aperiodic
 Once started, the communication between C&D and
firing control system is periodic
Real-Time Systems (example)
 Real-time weapon defense system
 Lets T1 is the time missiles take to reach the target

 Function of velocity and distance
 Lets T2 is the time C&D takes to activate the

weapons
 How much time left for computation

 T1-T2

Real-time Systems (example)
 Cruise missile guidance system

The idea follow the given path of missile
Parts
 RADAR (Forward and down looking)
 Navigation System (uses Map)
 Divert and altitude control system
 RADAR & Divert and altitude control system

(Controlled)
 Navigation System (Controlling)

Question ?
 What will be the cost of Hard Real-Time System as

compared to the Soft Real-Time System as

Recent Improvement in Resources
 Processor Powers
 150 varieties of processors are available
 High clock speed easily available
 Higher bit microcontrollers/microprocessors available
 Memory issues
 Cost of memory is decreasing day by day
 Porting of OS is easy
 New operating system

 Variety of OS available
 High level languages are used to write an OS
 Open source OS are also there

Recent Trends
 Communication advancements
 Network technologies are more available
 Management is more easy
 Programming Languages
 Cross compiler allows the programming in High level languages
 Java is attraction..(platform independent)
 Programmable hardware
 FPGA
 ASIC
 System on chip

Real-Time Embedded Systems: Instructor: Dr. M. Naeem Shehzad Assistant Professor

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EEE446

Real-time Embedded Systems

Instructor: Dr. M. Naeem Shehzad

COMSATS University Islamabad, Lahore Campus

• There are various aspects and the same subject is

 Our course is an abstract level course and gives

 The course is RTES and not ES

2 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

• Embedded/Real-Time Systems: Concepts, Design

• Hard Real-time Computing Systems, 3rd Edition, by

1.The embedded systems and Real-time embedded

2.Hardware and software architecture and development

3.Real time operating systems

4.Scheduler and scheduling policies

5.Realizing the design with petrinets

 What is an embedded system

 Real time embedded systems

5 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

6 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

7 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

8 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

9 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

 Sensing City The aim is to integrate urban design with

Cloud-based AI services The availability of artificial

10 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

12 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

13 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

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 ES is expected to complete its dedicated function

 ES are expected to monitor, respond or even

26 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

27 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

28 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

29 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

Contents Generic Hardware and Specialized Hardware,

Alteration Applications are Applications are

Response time Not Critical Critical for some

30 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

31 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

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34 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

• ES does a very specific task

• ES needs to be highly reliable

• Some ES have to operate in extreme

36 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

• Limited user interface

• ES have very limited resources particularly the

37 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore

• User friendly interface

38 Dr. Naeem Shehzad EEE446: RTES, CUI, Lahore