HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING

Course Instructor: Engr. Arif Asghar Gopang

 LEARNING OBJECTIVES
At the end of this lecture students will be able:
 To describe flow over hump and constriction

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 CHANNEL WITH HUMP
 
1. Consider a horizontal, frictionless rectangular
channel of width B carrying discharge Q at
depth y1.
2. Let flow be subcritical.
3. At a section 2, a smooth hump of height delta
z, is built on the floor.
4. Since there are no energy losses between
section 1 and 2, construction of hump causes
the specific energy at section to decrease by .
5. Thus the specific energy at section 1 and 2 are,
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 CHANNEL WITH HUMP
 

Since the flow is subcritical, the water surface will

drop due to a decrease in the specific energy.

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 CHANNEL WITH HUMP
 
In the following fig., the water surface was at P
at section 1 will come down to point R at section
2. The depth y2 will be given by,

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 CHANNEL WITH HUMP
 
It is easy to see from Fig. that the value of is
increased, the depth at section 2 will decrease.
The minimum depth is reached when the point R
coincides with C, the critical depth.
 At this point, the will be maximum or max, y2 =
yc = critical depth and E = E2 = minimum
specific energy for the flowing discharge Q.
 The condition at is given by the relation

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 CHANNEL WITH HUMP
 

 The question may arise as to what happens when

>
 From the fig. it is seen that the flow is not
possible with the given conditions (given
discharge).
 The upstream depth has to increase to cause
increase in the specific energy at section 1. If
this modified depth is represented by

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 CHANNEL WITH HUMP
 

 At section 2, the flow will continue at the

minimum specific energy level i.e at the critical
condition. At this condition,

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Example: A rectangular channel has a width of 2.0 m
and carries a discharge of 4.80 m3/sec with a depth of
1.60 m. At a certain cross-section a small, smooth hump
with a flat top and a height 0.10 m is proposed to be
built. Calculate the likely change in the water surface.
Neglect the energy loss.
Solution: It was solved in the class.

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THANKS