IQRA NATIONAL UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY
Lecture 03
Classification of Rocks, Rock Cycle

PREPARED BY ENGR. IMTIAZ KHAN LECTURER CED ,INU PESH 1

ROCKS

Rocks are classified in to three categories;

What is igneous rock?

Igneous – fire

Rock Resulting or produced from fire.

Igneous rocks are formed through the cooling and

solidification of magma ( or lava).

MAGMA : Melted material inside earth crust.

LAVA : Magma erupt to the surface of earth.

MAGMA & LAVA
Igneous rock

Classified in two categories;

INTRUSIVE

EXTRUSIVE
INTRUSIVE ROCKS

Intrusive rocks form from magma underground, often relatively deep in the Earth.

Cools slowly

Large crystal forms

INTRUSIVE ROCKS

Any crystal bigger than 1mm signify that the rock is intrusive
EXTRUSIVE ROCKS

Extrusive rocks form from lava at the surface of the Earth.

Fast cooling (in contact with air)

Small or no crystals

May be vesicular (air bubbles)

EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
EXTRUSIVE ROCKS
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sediments are fragments of rocks that are broken down as a result of weathering
(wind , water, ice , gravity etc)

Sedimentary rocks are types of rock that are formed by the accumulation or
deposition of small particles and subsequent cementation of mineral or organic
particles on the floor of oceans or other bodies of water at the Earth's surface.
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

ORGANIC /CRYSTALLINE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Compacted sediments

Classified by size
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Clastic
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Clastic
CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Sandstone siltstone shale

ORGANIC /CRYSTALLINE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS

Evaporates & Precipitates

Biological matter
 crystalline
ORGANIC /CRYSTALLINE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 Organic
ORGANIC /CRYSTALLINE SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 METAMORPHIC ROCKS

Metamorphic rocks arise from the

transformation of existing rock types, in a
process called metamorphism, which means
"change in form". The original rock is
subjected to heat and pressure, causing
profound physical or chemical change. The
protolith may be a sedimentary, igneous, or
existing metamorphic rock.
 Types
Types of AMETAMORPHIC ROCKS

Contact metamorphism

Regional metamorphism
CONTACT METAMORPHISM

Rock formed due to

heat.
REGIONAL METAMORPHISM

Rock formed
due to
pressure.
METAMORPHIC ROCKS EXAMPLES
The Rock Cycle

cools & solidifies Igneous

Magma
Rock
The Rock Cycle

cools & solidifies Igneous

Magma
Rock
Weathering
Transport &
Deposition

Sediment
The Rock Cycle

cools & solidifies Igneous

Magma
Rock
Weathering
Transport &
Deposition

Sediment
Lithification

Sedimentary Rock
The Rock Cycle

cools & solidifies Igneous

Magma
Rock
Weathering
Transport &
Deposition

Sediment
Weathering
Transport & Lithification
Deposition

Sedimentary Rock
The Rock Cycle

cools & solidifies Igneous

Magma
Rock
Weathering
Transport &
Deposition

Sediment
Heat &
Pressure Weathering
Transport & Lithification
Deposition

Heat &
Metamorphic Rock Pressure Sedimentary Rock
The Rock Cycle

cools & solidifies Igneous

Magma
Rock
melting
Weathering
Transport &
me

Deposition
lti
ng

melting
Sediment
Heat &
Pressure Weathering
Transport & Lithification
Deposition

Heat &
Metamorphic Rock Pressure Sedimentary Rock
The Rock Cycle

cools & solidifies Igneous

Magma
Rock

melting
Weathering
Transport &
me

Weathering Deposition
lti
ng

melting Transport &

Deposition Sediment
Heat &
Pressure Weathering
Transport & Lithification
Deposition

Heat &
Metamorphic Rock Sedimentary Rock
Pressure
 ASSIGNMENT NO :1

Indentify &Collect at least three rocks of each categories

( Igneous , sedimentary and metamorphic).

Name and characterize (properties) it in enclosed box.

Time limit for the mentioned Assignment ends after 10 days from today.
END OF THE LECTURE

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