Simple Present

Use
• 1: We use the present simple when something
is generally or always true. People need food.
• It snows in winter here.
• Two and two make four.
• 2: Similarly, we need to use this tense for a
situation that we think is more or less
permanent. (See the present continuous for
temporary situations.)Where do you live?
• She works in a bank.
• I don't like mushrooms
• 3: The next use is for habits or things that we do
regularly. We often use adverbs of frequency
(such as 'often', 'always' and 'sometimes') in
this case, as well as expressions like 'every
Sunday' or 'twice a month'. (See the present
continuous for new, temporary or annoying
habits).Do you smoke?
• I play tennis every Tuesday.
• I don't travel very often.
• 4: We can also use the present simple for
short actions that are happening now. The
actions are so short that they are finished
almost as soon as you've said the sentence.
This is often used with sports commentary.
• He takes the ball, he runs down the wing, and
he scores!
• 5: We use the present simple to talk about the
future when we are discussing a timetable or a
fixed plan. Usually, the timetable is fixed by an
organisation, not by us.School begins at nine
tomorrow.
• What time does the film start?
• The plane doesn't arrive at seven. It arrives at
seven thirty.
Present Continuous
• 1: First, we use the present continuous for
things that are happening at the moment of
speaking. These things usually last for quite a
short time and they are not finished when we
are talking about them
• I'm working at the moment.
• Please call back as we are eating dinner now.
• Julie is sleeping
• 2: We can also use this tense for other kinds of
temporary situations, even if the action isn't
happening at this moment
• John's working in a bar until he finds a job in
his field. (He might not be working now.)
• I'm reading a really great book.
• She's staying with her friend for a week.
• 3: We can use the present continuous for
temporary or new habits (for normal habits that
continue for a long time, we use the present
simple). We often use this with expressions like
'these days' or 'at the moment'.He's eating a lot
these days.
• She's swimming every morning (she didn't use
to do this).
• You're smoking too much.
Suffix
 The Function of a Suffix

• There are many suffixes used in the English language to create a

rich vocabulary. These suffixes change the meaning or
grammatical function of a root word. For example, by adding the
suffixes -er and -est to the adjective “strong," you create the
comparative “stronger" and the superlative, “strongest."
• Take the suffix -ist, by adding this to a word you have changed the
word to describe a person who performs or practices something.
So, art becomes artist, a person skilled in a particular art.
• Let's look at the verb "read." This verb can be turned into a noun
by adding the suffix -er, and so "read" becomes "reader."
Likewise, by adding the suffix -able the verb "read" now becomes
the adjective "readable."
 Noun Suffixes

• -eer
Meaning: engaged in something, associated with
something
Examples: auctioneer, volunteer, engineer, profiteer
• -er
Meaning: someone who performs an action
Examples: helper, teacher, preacher, dancer
• -ion
Meaning: the action or process of
Examples: celebration, opinion, decision, revision
• -ity
Meaning: the state or condition of
Examples: probability, equality, abnormality, civility
• -ment
Meaning: the action or result of
Examples: movement, retirement, abandonment,
establishment
• -ness
Meaning: a state or quality
Examples: fondness, awareness, kindness, darkness
• -or
Meaning: a person who is something
Examples: distributor, investigator, translator,
conductor
• -sion
Meaning: state or being
Examples: depression, confusion, tension, compulsion
• -ship
Meaning: position held
Examples: worship, ownership, courtship, internship
Bo
dy
Idio
ms
• foot in mouth
• To put your foot in your mouth means that
you say or do something that accidentally
embarrasses or offends another person
• 'I put my foot in my mouth when I called by
brother's new wife by his ex-wife's name.'
• cost an arm and a leg
• When something costs an arm and a leg it
costs a lot of money. It's very expensive.'
• 'It cost me an arm and a leg to get my car
fixed.'
• get off my back
• We use this expression when someone is
criticising you or telling what to do all the
time.
• 'Stop telling me what to do. Get off my back!'
• cold shoulder
• To give someone the cold shoulder means to
ignore someone.
• 'I saw my ex-girlfriend at a party but she
wouldn't talk to me. She gave me the cold
shoulder.'
• cold feet
• To get nervous and to have second thoughts
about doing something.
• 'I'm getting cold feet about my wedding. I'm so
nervous.'
• a sight for sore eyes
• We use this expression when we are very
happy to see someone or something.
• 'Hi Frank. You're a sight for sore eyes. I haven't
seen you for years.'
• a finger in every pie
• To have a finger in every pie means that you
are involved in many activities.
• off the top of my head
• Off the top of my head means that you say
something without really thinking about it. A
spontaneous reaction.
• 'Off the top of my head, I'd say there were a
thousand people there.'
• look down your nose
• When you look down your nose at someone
you think you are better or more important
than them.
• 'Because he's rich he seems to think that he's
better than everyone. He really looks down his
nose at people.'
• play it by ear
• To play it by ears means to improvise or do
something without preparation.
• I don't know where we should go tonight. Let's
just play it by ear.'
 Simple Past
• 1: We use it with finished actions, states or
habits in the past when we have a finished
time word (yesterday, last week, at 2 o'clock,
in 2003).
• I went to the cinema yesterday.
• We spent a lot of time in Japan in 2007.
• 2: We use it with finished actions, states or
habits in the past when we know from general
knowledge that the time period has finished.
This includes when the person we are talking
about is dead.
• Leonardo painted the Mona Lisa.
• The Vikings invaded Britain.
 Past Cotinuous
• 1: An action in the past which overlaps another
action or a time. The action in the past
continuous starts before and often continues
after the other shorter action or time.
• I was walking to the station when I met John. (I
started walking before I met John, and maybe I
continued afterwards.)
• At three o'clock, I was working. (I started before
three o'clock and finished after three o'clock.)
• 2: To emphasize that something lasted for a
while. This use is often optional and we
usually use it with time expressions like 'all
day' or 'all evening' or 'for hours'.
• I was working in the garden all day.
• He was reading all evening.
• Remember you can't use this tense or any
continuous tense with state verbs
Present Perfect
• 1: To talk about actions that happened in
repeated occasions in the past. (this gives
emphasis on the quantities of repetitions).
The action may be repeated again.
• I have seen that movie 3 times.
• She has called me 10 times today.
• 2: Past actions with a present effect.
• I have lost my keys. (I cant get into my house)
• I have given many conferences so I don´t feel
nervous anymore.
 Since and For
• We use 'since' with a fixed time in the past
(2004, April 23rd, last year). The fixed time can
be another action, which is in the past simple
(since I was at school, since I arrived).I've
known Sam since 1992.
• I've liked chocolate since I was a child.
• She's been here since 2pm.
• We use 'for' with a period of time (2 hours,
three years, six months).I've known Julie for
ten years.
• I've been hungry for hours.
• She's had a cold for a week.
Present Perfect Simple Past Simple

•Unfinished actions that started in the

past and continue to the present:I've •Finished actions:I knew Julie for ten years
known Julie for ten years (and I still know (but then she moved away and we lost
touch).
her).

•A finished action in someone's life (when •A finished action in someone's life (when
the person is still alive: life experience):My the person is dead):My great-
brother has been to Mexico three times. grandmother went to Mexico three times.

•A finished action with no result in the

•A finished action with a result in the
present:I've lost my keys! (The result is
that I can't get into my house now).
present:I lost my keys yesterday. It was
terrible! (Now there is no result. I got new
keys yesterday).

•With an unfinished time word (this week, •With a finished time word (last week, last
this month, today):I've seen John this
month, yesterday):I saw John last week.
week.
 Future in past
• Was / were going to / would (hypothetical)
more related to 2nd conditional
• An intetnion you had of doing an action but
didn´t happen.
Passive
• Passive sentences move the focus of the
sentence from the subject to the object.

• Someone stole my computer! (active)

• My computer was stolen! (passive)

• The agent is not important
• The store was closed when I went. (who closed
the store is not important)
• I can't use the elevator because it is broken
down. (what caused it to break down is not
important)
• I couldn't buy any tickets for the concert because
it was sold out. (who sold all the tickets is not
important)
• The agent isn't known
• His bicycle was stolen. (we do not know who
stole the bicycle)
• My living room window was broken when I got
home yesterday. (we do not know who or
what broke the window)
• My bag has been taken. (we do not know who
took my bag)
• The agent is not needed or already understood
• The criminal was arrested in front of the station.
(of course, the police arrested the criminal)
• Romeo and Juliet was written hundreds of years
ago. (of course, Shakespeare wrote Romeo and
Juliet)
• The subway is used quite a bit in this city. (of
course, people use the subway
• it is usually not important to include "by +
agent" at the end of a passive sentence.
• My bag was stolen by somebody.
• The highway was built by people in 1997.
• Champagne is made by people in France.
• In informal language, we can avoid using the
passive by using the impersonal subjects like "you" or
"they." In this meaning, we use the following subjects:
• You = people in general
• We = people in general including the speaker
• They = people in an authority position (government,
police, etc.) This is also used to exclude the speaker
and listener and refer to another unrelated group of
people
• They made this highway in 1997. (active)
– This highway was made in 1997. (passive)
• You can use the pool in the summer. (active)
– The pool can be used in the summer. (passive)
• We play soccer in my country all year round.
(active)
– Soccer is played in my country all year round.
(passive)
• It is very common for past participles to be
used as adjectives.
• The wall is fixed.
• I am so tired right now.
• She was really surprised when I told her the
news.
• The car door is scratched.
2nd PERIOD
 Phrasal Verbs for Travel

• Drop off -  to take someone to a place and leave

them there
• Check in  - to register at a hotel
• Check out - to leave and pay for your stay at a hotel
• Pick up - to go and fetch someone from a place and
take them somewhere else
• Set out - to start a journey
• Take off - when a plane leaves and begins to fly
• Get in - when a plane arrives on an airport
• Get away - to leave to go somewhere for a break or holiday
• Get on - to climb on board
• Speed up - to increase speed
• Look around - to explore what is near you, in your area
• Hurry up - to rush and not waste time
• Go back - to go the place someone is leaving from to say
goodbye
• See off - to go the place someone is leaving from to say
goodbye
• Look forward - to look forward to something that is going to
happen in the future
• The day I left for the USA my family (1)___ me___. We had
breakfast on the airport but we had to (2)___ so that I wouldn't
miss my flight. It was a teary goodbye, but I was (3)___ to new
experiences in the USA. After I (4)___ the plane I made myself
comfortable and sent a few last minute goodbye text messages. I
thought of how much I wanted this holiday and that I just needed
to (5)___ from it all. A short while later the pilot announced that
all electronics were to be switched off, for we were preparing
to (6)___. As the plane was (7)___ on the runway I sat back and
took pleasure in brute force and strength of the momentum the
plane was creating to lift itself up from the ground.
• .
• When our plane (8)___ at JFK Airport in New York there
was already a taxi waiting to (9)___ me ___. The
taxi (10)___ me ___ at the Holiday Inn where I would
meet up with my friends. After I(11)___  to the hotel we
all went to Time Square, where we (12)___ for the rest of
the day. The next day we got up in the early hours of the
morning and did some sightseeing. That night we were
exhausted and went to bed early. The next morning
we (13) ___ after breakfast, rented a car and (14)___ on a
cross-country road trip. It would be another 3 months
before I would (15)___ home
 Perfect Modals
• English has several modal verbs,
including: can, could, will, would, may, might,
must, and should. We normally use modal
verbs to describe the present and future, but
we can also use it for past actions and
situations. To use modal verbs in the past:
• Subject + modal + have + past participle.
• Subject + modal + not + have + past
participle.
• Modal + subject + have + past participle?
•  I could have gone with my friends to Europe if
I had saved more money.
• We would have had a great time! Use could
have / would have for unrealistic past
possibilities.
• This grammar is called the third conditional.
• You might have seen me in the streets, but
you don’t know me. You may have met my
friends, but you still don’t know me! Use may
have / might have for realistic past
possibilities.
• I feel so sick right now! I shouldn’t have
eaten that smelly sushi! We should have
gone to the pizza restuarant. Use should
have to express regrets.
• The diamond ring is beautiful! It must have
cost you a fortune! Use must have to make
logical deductions.
• Unlike might have / may have, use must
have if you are 100% certain about a situation
based on facts, evidence or logic.
• I can have gone with my friends to Europe.
The verb can is not possible. Use could
have instead
 Sentences
• It is important to be familiar with the different
types of sentence structures in English so that
you add variety to your writing. Fortunately,
there are only four sentence types in the
English language; every possible sentence you
write belongs to one of these four categories.
Here are the first two kinds of sentence:
 Type one Simple Sentences
• The simple sentence is the most basic
sentence structure in the English language. It
is one complete, independent clause. It must
contain a subject, it needs a main verb, and it
must formulate a complete thought.

• Ex. Andrew plays classical guitar.

• Simple sentences can have compound
subjects:

• Ex: Andrew and his sister teach music lessons

for children.
 Type Two: Compound Sentences

• Compound sentences consist of two complete,

independent clauses connected with some
form of punctuation (comma or semi-colon)
and/or linking word (conjunction or adverb).
In other words, a compound sentence is two
simple sentences linked to form one complete
sentence. There are three ways to form a
compound sentence:
 Option A

• Two independent clauses joined by a comma

and a coordinating conjunction
(and/but/or/so/for/yet/nor)

,AND 
,BUT 
,SO 
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ,OR  INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
,FOR 
,NOR 
,YET
• I´ve had a very long day. I´m going to bed.
• I’ve had a very long day, so I’m going to bed.
• Andrew plays guitar for old people on
weekends. His sister teaches piano lessons for
children.
• Andrew plays guitar for old people on
weekends, and his sister teaches piano lessons
for children.
• Moving to a new city can be a stressful
experience, but it can also be very exciting.
 Option B
• Two independent clauses joined by a semi-
colon (;). In this structure, the two clauses are
joined without a linking word, which means
the relationship between the two clauses
must be clear. The second clause will most
often express a cause/effect relationship or
will help to clarify the first clause.

INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ; INDEPENDENT CLAUSE

• I did most of the work on the presentation; I
deserve a higher mark than my partner.
• Last year's flood was very costly; the city spent
millions to repair the damaged streets and
homes.
• When using only a semi-colon, be sure that the
relation between the two clauses is clear.
Contrasting two ideas with only a semi-colon
can sometimes be confusing.
 Option C
• Two independent clauses joined by a semi-
colon and a conjunctive adverb. The adverb is
most often followed by a comma, though
there are some exceptions.
 ; as a result, 
; besides, 
; consequently, 
; furthermore, 
; however, 
; in addition, 
; in fact, 
; instead, 
; likewise, 
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE ; meanwhile,  INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
; moreover, 
; nevertheless, 
; next 
; now 
; on the other hand, 
; otherwise, 
; similarly, 
; still 
; then 
; therefore,
• Andrew wants to give back to society in some
way, so he volunteers at a retirement home on
weekends.
• Andrew wants to give back to society in some
way; he volunteers at a retirement home on
weekends.
• Andrew wants to give back to society in some
way; therefore, he volunteers at a retirement
home on weekends.
 Type three: Complex Sentences
• Complex sentences need to have one
independent clause, or main clause, and at
least one dependent clause. A dependent
clause is a group of words which has a subject
and a verb but is NOT a complete idea and
cannot exist alone, for example,
• “after I finish my homework,
• because it was difficult,
• if you want to", etc.
There are two main options for the structure of
a complex sentence:
• Note that the independent and dependent
clauses can come in either order, but the
punctuation is different. The general rule is
that if the sentence begins with the
dependent clause, the dependent clause
should be followed by a comma.
• He is afraid of small spaces because he had a
traumatic experience as a child.
• Because he had a traumatic experience as a child, he
is afraid of small spaces.
• Some young people have difficulty handling new
responsibility when they first move out of their
parents' home.
• When they first move out of their parents' home,
some young people have difficulty handling new
responsibility.
• Common
subordinating • if
conjunctions that
begin a dependent •  though
clause: •  until
• although •  unless
•  as •  whereas
•  after •  when
•  since •  whether
•  before •  while
•  because
•  
Type four: Compound-Complex Sentences

• A Compound-Complex sentence is exactly

what it sounds like; it is a combination of a
compound sentence and a complex sentence.
 Compound adjectives
Some English words with hyphens between them? For
example:
•  a well-known author
•  an English-speaking country
•  a three-hour movie
•  a part-time job
•  a middle-aged woman
These are called compound adjectives – meaning an
adjective that has two or more words
• narrow-minded = not open to different ideas/thoughts
I can’t stand narrow-minded people who are intolerant of new ideas.
• well-behaved
They have three well-behaved children.
• old-fashioned
We had lunch in an old-fashioned restaurant with décor from the 1950s.
• densely-populated
This densely-populated area has the highest crime rates in the country.
• short-haired
He was dancing with a short-haired woman.
• widely-recognized
She’s a widely-recognized expert in technology.
• high-spirited = with a lot of energy
The students gave a high-spirited musical performance.
• well-educated
A lot of well-educated people are still having trouble finding jobs.
• highly-respected
Our speaker tonight is a highly-respected scholar.
• brightly-lit
We live on a brightly-lit street in the city center.
• absent-minded = forgetful, not thinking
His absent-minded comment hurt his sister’s feelings.
• strong-willed = strong desires, stubborn, does not desist
She’s a strong-willed woman who won’t stop until she gets what she
wants.
 ADJECTIVE / ADVERB + PAST PARTICIPLE

• middle-aged = around 40-50 years old

A lot of middle-aged men are dissatisfied with
their lives.
• kind-hearted = friendly
A kind-hearted stranger helped us find the
train station
ADJECTIVE / ADVERB / NOUN + PRESENT PARTICIPLE (-ING)

• good-looking = attractive, beautiful, handsome

Who’s that good-looking guy over there?
• long-lasting
This long-lasting makeup will keep you looking lovely day and night.
• record-breaking
The athlete’s record-breaking performance won him the gold medal.
• never-ending
Learning a language seems to be a never-ending process.
• mouth-watering
There was a variety of mouth-watering desserts at the wedding
reception.
• thought-provoking
It was a thought-provoking novel.
• slow-moving
I was stuck in slow-moving traffic for over an hour.
• far-reaching
The new law will have far-reaching effects in the economy.
• time-saving
These time-saving techniques will help you work more efficiently.
• forward-thinking
Some forward-thinking politicians are proposing reforms to the
educational system.
 WHEN TO USE A HYPHEN?

• Use a hyphen when the compound adjective

comes BEFORE the noun it modifies, but not
when it comes AFTER the noun.
• This is a world-famous museum.
This museum is world famous.
• We walked into a brightly-lit room.
We walked into a room that was brightly lit.
• It was quite a thought-provoking book.
The book was quite thought provoking.
 Adverbs
There are 5 different types of adverbs.
For example, adverbs can
describe when (adverbs of time)
or where (adverbs of place) something happens.

Adverbs of manner express how something

happens by simply adding -ly (in most cases).
 1 Adverbs of Degree

They usually modify other verbs, adjectives or adverbs

making them stronger or weaker.

• ADVERBS OF DEGREE EXAMPLES:

• He’s very good at playing the piano.
• She’s almost always late arriving at school.
• It’s pretty interesting to see the history of China.
• The English test was extremely difficult.
• When he wears his running shoes, he moves more quickly
among everyone.
 2 Adverbs of Frequency
Adverbs of frequency express “how often”
something takes place. In other words, it
explains the intensity of occurrence that an
event happens. Adverbs of frequency are usually
in this form: Subject + Adverb + Verb
• ADVERBS OF FREQUENCY EXAMPLES:
• I usually go to the gym on weekends.
• She always wake up at 7:00 am.
Adverb of Frequency How Often

Never 0%

Hardly Ever 10%

Rarely 20%

Seldom 30%

Occasionally 40%

Sometimes 50%

Often 60%

Frequently 70%

Usually 90%

Always 100%
 3 Adverbs of Manner
• Adverbs of manner express how something happens. In most
cases for adverbs of manner, you can take an adjective and
simply add -ly to form an adverb. For example, if you take the
sentence – “The cat is quick (adjective).”
• Instead of describing a noun, an adverb describes or modifies a
verb. In this case, the noun is the word ‘cat’. Because adverbs
describe verbs, you need to add a verb in the sentence. For
example, you can use the verb “to run” in this form – “The cat
runs quickly.”
• Adverbs of manner tell us the way or how to do something.
However, not all adverbs end with -ly. For example, the words
‘fast’ and ‘well’ describe verbs but do not end in -ly
ADVERBS OF MANNER EXAMPLES:
• The cat runs quickly.
• She plays the violin terribly.
• The horse moved fast.
• She plays the piano well.
 4 Adverbs of Place

• Adverbs of Place describe “where” an action

takes place. In addition, we usually find
adverbs of place after the main verb.
• For example, “indoors”, “next week” and “still”
all describe where something happens. Again,
we often find these adverbs of place after a
verb in a sentence.
ADVERBS OF PLACE EXAMPLES:
• If you want to see the hot air balloon, you will
have to go outside.
• When she entered the classroom, she
sat down.
• I searched everywhere but I couldn’t find him.
• He walks downstairs to meet his father.
 5 Adverbs of Time

As with all adverbs, they tell us more about the

verb. For adverbs of time, they tell us when the
verb happened or will happen. For example,
“afterwards”, “every day” and “recently’ are
adverbs of time and describe “when”.
• On the other hand, adverbs of time can
describe the duration of an event occurs. Also,
it can show when an action is complete.
ADVERBS OF TIME EXAMPLES:
• We’ll go to the festival tomorrow.
• Yesterday, we played in the basketball
tournament.
• She’ll eventually finish studying and go to
university.
• They ate popcorn and watched movies all day.
Verb Patterns
 Gerund Uses
Gerunds are used in differnet ways.

Use 1:
Continuous actions.
Be+gerund
Ex. I am working.
You were working.
I have been working.
 Gerund Uses
Use 2
Gerunds are used after prepositions.

Ex. Thank you for helping.

I thought about changing

Note: the preposition “to” is an exception to this case,
most of the time we use infinitive form after this
preposition.
 Gerund Uses

Use 3
As a subject. / at the beginning of a sentence.
Ex. Working is not always boring.

Studying is the key to success.

Smoking is bad for your health.

 Gerund Uses
Use 4 Verb Patterns
After specific verbs. Some verbs have a special
effect on other verbs that are used after them.
Ex. Enjoy : when we use the verb “enjoy” and we
combine it with a second verb we must use the
second verb in gerund form.
I enjoy teaching in this school.
The verb “enjoy” can be in any tense, but the
second verb must always be used in gerund.
admit deny finish mind

avoid dislike give up miss

(can’t) help enjoy imagine practice

(can’t) stand fancy involve put off

consider feel like keep (on) risk

 Subjects between gerund verb
patterns
• Some of these verbs (e.g. can’t stand, dislike,
imagine, involve, mind, miss, put off and risk)
can be used with a new subject before the -
ing form (underlined in the examples below). If
the new subject is a pronoun, it is in the object
form (me, him, her, us, them):
• We just couldn’t imagine Gerry singing in public.
• We really miss you playing guitar for us.
• The job involves us traveling to New York twice
a month.
 Infinitive Uses
Use 1
To show purpose:
When we say why we are doing something or
the reason for something we use infinitive verbs.
I save money to buy a new house.

We study to get a good job.

 Infinitive Patterns
Use 2
After specific verbs.
When we use some specific verbs and we combine
them with a second verb we must use the second
verb in infinitive form.
Ex. Love: When we use the verb love and we
combine it with another verb we use the infitive
form.
I love to teach UTL students.
afford demand like pretend

agree fail love promise

arrange forget manage refuse

ask hate mean (= intend) remember

begin help need start

choose hope offer try

continue intend plan want

decide learn prefer

 Verbs with both forms
Some verbs can be used with both gerunds and
infinitive forms.
Hate
Like
Love
Prefer
In most cases there is no change in meaning.
In the case we use the modals would or should
with these verbs we only use the infinitive form.
• She’d love to get a job nearer home.
• Not: She’d love getting a job nearer home.
• Would you like to have dinner with us on
Friday?
 Verb with both patterns
Some verbs can be used with both forms but
with a change in meaning.

go on need remember try

mean regret stop want

He went on singing after
everyone else had finished. (He
continued singing without
stopping.)
I tried searching the web and
finally found an address for
him. (I searched the web to see
what information I could find.)
She stopped crying as soon as
she saw her mother. (She was
crying, and then she didn’t cry
anymore.)
She recited a poem, then went
on to sing a lovely folk song. (She
recited the poem first, then she
sang the song.)
I tried to email Simon but it
bounced back. (I tried/attempted
to email him but I did not
succeed.)
We stopped to buy some water
at the motorway service
area. (We were travelling and we
stopped for a short time in order
to buy some water.)
Idioms with nature
• “Oops-a-daisy!” – an expression of encouragement said to a child who has
fallen/has hurt him or herself, an expression of mild annoyance used when
something has gone wrong 

• a late bloomer – someone who is slower than their peers to develop in a

particular field 

• a needle in a haystack – something that is difficult/impossible to find

because it is hidden among many other things 

• a shrinking violet – a (comically) shy person 

• as fresh as a daisy – healthy, energetic, youthful 

• flowery – a word used to describe speech, writing, or language that
uses elaborate (but not necessarily effective) literary words or devices 

• grass roots – at the most basic level of an organisation

• out of the woods – out of danger 

• pushing up the daisies – dead and buried 

• the grass is always greener on the other side – other people’s

situations always seem superior to one’s own 
• to bark up the wrong tree – to follow the wrong line of thought, to make a
false assumption or mistake, to completely misunderstand something 

• to beat about the bush – to approach or discuss a matter without directly

getting to the point, to put off getting to the point in a conversation 

• to come up (smelling) roses – to emerge from a situation in a favourable

manner 

• to have green fingers/a green thumb – to have gardening skills 

• to hit the hay – to go to bed 

• to hold out an olive branch – to offer a reconciliation 

• to lead someone up the garden path – to deceive someone by giving them

misleading information/clues 

• to let something go/run to seed – to neglect something, to let something

deteriorate 

• to let the grass grow under your feet – to delay in taking an

action/opportunity 

• to nip something in the bud – to put an end to something before it has the
chance to grow out of hand and into a problem (or metaphorical weed)
 Advanced Adjectives
Verbs can be used as adjectives by using two
suffixes.
-ed
-ing
Ex. Bore
Bored Boring
 Difference in meaning
Adjectives with –ed
These adjectives describe emotions – they
expain how a person feels about something.

Ex: I dont know what to do today, I´m so bored!

Jane looks bored.
Adjectives that end ‘-ing’ describe the thing that
causes the emotion.
Ex. This movie is boring.
(You are bored because of the movie.)
The class is boring for Jane.
(Jane is bored because of the class)
• Amuse
• Annoy
• Confuse
• Disappoint
• Excite
• Exhaust
• Frighten
• Satisfy
• Shock
• amused • disappointin • satisfied
• amusing g • satisfying
• annoyed • excited • shocked
• annoying • exciting • shocking
• confused • exhausted
• confusing • exhausting
• disappointed • frightened
• frightening
• You look really (tired/tiring). Why don't you go
to bed?
• Sit down - I've got some very (excited/exciting)
news for you.
• He's got a very (annoyed/annoying) habit of
always interrupting people.
• I'm very (disappointed/disappointing) by your
behavior.
• Kids! You're (disgusted/disgusting)! Don't talk
with your mouths full!
 Conditional Sentences
• All conditionals have two clauses.

They are based on the concept of cause and

effect.

Action and reaction.

 Two clauses

All conditionals are separated in two parts

If clause and the effect clause

The order of the clauses are not important.
That means we can use
if clause (,)+ effect clause
or
effect clause + if clause
Both mean the same thing and are equally correct.
 Zero conditional

The zero conditiona is used when the effect

clause or the result is always true for general or
individual cases.
 Zero conditional grammar
If Clause
If + + PRESENT VERB + complement ,

Effect Clause

+ PRESENT VERB + complement.

 Examples

• If people eat too much, they get fat.

• If you touch a fire, you get burned.
• People die if they don't eat.
• Snakes bite if they are scared
• If babies are hungry, they cry
 First Conditional
The first conditional is used for realistic future
effects.

If Clause
If + + PRESENT VERB + complement ,

Effect Clause

+ future agent + verb + complement.

• If it rains, I won't go to the park.
• If I study today, I'll go to the party tonight.
• If I have enough money, I'll buy some new
shoes.
• She'll be late if the train is delayed.
• She'll miss the bus if she doesn't leave soon.
• If I see her, I'll tell her.
 Second Conditional
• Hypothetical, non realistic actions or with little
probability of happening.

If Clause
If + + PAST VERB + complement ,

Effect Clause

+ WOULD VERB + complement.

• If I won the lottery, I would buy a big house.(I
probably won't win the lottery)
• If I met the Queen of England, I would
say hello.
• She would travel all over the world if
she were rich.
• She would pass the exam if she ever studied.
(She never studies, so this won't happen)
 Third Conditional
• The third conditional is used for actions in the
past that happened or didnt happen and the
effect is unrealistic.
Another way to look at this is as things we
regreat.
If Clause
If + + PAST PERFECT + complement ,

Effect Clause

+ would/could have + participle +

complement.
 Tech phrasal verbs
Phrasal Verbs for Technology and Computers

Phrasal Verb Meanings Example

log in v. connect to a computer using a To begin, log in to your

sign in username and password desktop system.
sign-in n. page or act of registering permission
to use a program

hook up to connect wires from machines to a Would you please help

power source or other machines me hook up the Internet
cable?
power up provide power to a machine Press the red button to power
turn on up your tablet.

boot up begin running a computer system Wait a second, my computer is

start up booting up.

set up v. to install a new computer This application took a long time
program or assemble a computer to set up.
system
n. the process of adding
information using a computer
program
pull down v. choose from a menu of Look for the file menu
pulldown options in a computer and pull down to “Save
application extending down As…”
from the action bar like a
window blind
n. a menu of options

click on move a mouse over an item Click on the start menu to

and press to select begin.
scroll up to move slowly to the top or The news story was so long I
scroll down bottom of a text had to scroll down a lot to
read it all.

run out of exhaust a supply of You will run out of disk space

something if you save copies of all your
emails.
back up v. make an extra copy of a file Be sure you back upyour files
backup n. an extra copy of a file before you change systems.

print out v. send an electronic I have to print out the

printout document to a printer directions before I leave
n. a printed document home.
hack into enter a computer or network Someone hacked intomy
illegally bank and stole millions of
dollars.

go down stop operating properly I cannot send any emails

because the
server went down.

wipe out completely erase or delete Before you donate your

files computer, be sure
you wipe out the hard drive.
pop up v. to appear suddenly If you do not want to see the
popup n. an advertisement that ads, turn on your pop
appears suddenly on a up blocker.
computer screen

plug in v. insert a cord into an outlet Plug in your laptop over

plug-in or port there.
n. an addition to a software
program that performs a
certain task
sign up register with a service She signed up for an online
dating service.

key in type or enter characters It takes too much time to key

using a keyboard in that long password.
turn off end a session on the I’m tired, so I’m going to shut
shut down computer by closing an down the computer for
power down application or removing today.
power

go online/offline to use the Internet / not use I will send you that
the Internet information as soon as I
can go online.
 Conditionals
• The common way to star conditionals is by
using the owrd if but it is not the only option
we have.

Lets look at the one by one

 When
• When can replace if in Zero conditional
Ex.
If you heat water to 100 degrees, it boils.
When you heat water to 100 egrees, it boils.

The only deference is that the word “when”

gives some guarantee that the action will
happen.
 Unless
• Unless: “a menos que”
Unless is followed by an affirmative verb to
express "if ... not":
Ex.
Unless you practice English, you will never
improve.
 Even if
• Even if: “aun que” or “aun si”
Even if emphasises that something will
happen(1st), would happen(2nd) or would have
happened (3rd) whatever the condition:
Even if we leave right now, we still won't catch
the train.
I wouldn't go into the water even if I could swim.
Even if we had booked our flight earlier, it
wouldn't have been cheaper.
 As long as / providng that
These can be used instead of if to express a
condition. Note that providing/provided (that) is
a bit formal:
Ex.
You can stay here as long as you keep quiet.
Providing that you turn in all your work, you will
pass the class.
 Used to
• Get used to is a very common phrase in English.
1. Used to + base form I used to live in Tx.
2. Be+ used to + gerund I am used to walking a
lot.
3. Get + used to + gerund I have to get used to
waking up early.

They have different meaning.

 Used to+ base verb
• This idea transmits an action that was done
regularly in the past but is not done anymore.

Ex. I used to live in Austin. (the action is not

done anymore)
She used to play baseball in collage.
 Be used to + gerund
• This means that an action has been done
regularly in the past and you are accustomed
to doing the action.

Ex. I am used to waking up at 5 am.

She is used to working with children I am not.
 Get used to +gerund
• This phrase means that the person has the
necessity of doing something regular and
must become accustomed to it.

Ex. I have to get used to participating more in

school events.
 Narrative Tenses
• This happened when I was about five years old.
My father had gone away on business for a few
days, and my brother and I were sleeping in my
parents’ bedroom. Before we went to bed that
night, I had been reading a very scary story
about a wicked witch. In the middle of the
night, I woke up suddenly and saw that a figure
in a dark coat was standing at the end of my
bed. I screamed at the top of my lungs.
 Uses
When we tell a story, we use:
Simple past: Important events or the main idea.

Past Continuous: Used for actions that were in

progress at the time of the main event.

Past Perfect / Perfect Continuous: Actions that

happened BEFORE the main event.
Past Perfect or Perfect Continuous
The past perfect continuous emphasizes the
continuation of an activity.

The past perfect simple emphasizes the

completion of an activity.
 s e s
la u
e C
ti v
e la
R
• We can use relative clauses to join two English
sentences, or to give more information about
something.

I bought a new car. It is very fast.

→ I bought a new car that is very fast.

She lives in New York. She likes living in New

York.
→ She lives in New York, which she likes.
 Defining and Non-defining

• A defining relative clause tells which noun we

are talking about:

I like the woman who lives next door.

(If I don't say 'who lives next door', then we
don't know which woman I mean).
• A non-defining relative clause gives us extra
information about something. We don't need
this information to understand the sentence.

I live in London, which has some fantastic parks.

 Defining relative clauses:

1: The relative pronoun is the subject:

• First, let's consider when the relative pronoun

is the subject of a defining relative clause.
• We can use 'who', 'which' or 'that'. We use
'who' for people and 'which' for things. We
can use 'that' for people or things.
The relative clause can come after the subject or the
object of the sentence.
• For example (clause after the object of the
sentence):
• I'm looking for a secretary who / that can use a
computer well.
• She has a son who / that is a doctor.
• We bought a house which / that is 200 years old.
• I sent a letter which / that arrived three weeks later.
 2: The relative pronoun is the object:
• (Clause after the object)
• She loves the chocolate (which / that) I bought.
• We went to the village (which / that) Lucy
recommended.
• John met a woman (who / that) I had been to
school with.
• The police arrested a man (who / that) Jill
worked with.
• (Clause after the subject)
• The bike (which / that) I loved was stolen.
• The university (which / that) she likes is
famous.
• The woman (who / that) my brother loves is
from Mexico.
• The doctor (who / that) my grandmother liked
lives in New York.
 Non-defining relative clauses:

We don't use 'that' in non-defining relative

clauses, so we need to use 'which' if the
pronoun refers to a thing, and 'who' if it refers to
a person
 (Clause comes after the object)
• Yesterday I called our friend Julie, who lives in
New York.
• The photographer called to the Queen, who
looked annoyed.
• Last week I bought a new computer, which I
don't like now.
• I really love the new Chinese restaurant, which
we went to last night.
 (Clause comes after the subject)
• My boss, who is very nice, lives in Manchester.
• My sister, who I live with, knows a lot about
cars.
• My bicycle, which I've had for more than ten
years, is falling apart.
• My mother's house, which I grew up in, is very
small.
 Prepositions and relative clauses
• If the verb in the relative clause needs a
preposition, we put it at the end of the clause:
For example:
• listen to
The music is good. Julie listens to the music
→ The music which Julie listens to is good.
• work with
My brother met a woman. I used to work with
the woman.
→ My brother met a woman who I used to
work with.
• go to
• The country is very hot. He went to the
country.
→ The country (which / that) he went to is
very hot.
• come from
• I visited the city. John comes from the city.
→ I visited the city (that / which) John
comes from.
• apply for
• The job is well paid. She applied for the job.
→ The job (which / that) she applied for is well
paid.