N.W.F.P.

University of Engineering and

Technology Peshawar

Lecture 06: Tension Members

By: Prof Dr. Akhtar Naeem Khan

chairciv@nwfpuet.edu.pk

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 Topics to be Addressed
Types of Steel Structures
Introductory concepts
Design Strength
Net Area at Connection
Shear Lag Phenomenon
ASD and LRFD Design of Tension
Members
Design Examples
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 Types of steel structures

The form of a tension member is

governed to a large extent by
 Type of structure of which it is a part
 Method of joining it to connecting portions.

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 Types of steel structures

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 Types of steel structures

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 Types of steel structures

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 Types of steel structures

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 Types of steel structures

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 Types of steel structures

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 Sections for Tension Members

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 Sections for Tension Members

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 Design Stresses
for
Base Material

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 Introductory Concepts
Stress: The stress in an axially loaded tension
member is given by Equation
 The stress in a tension member is uniform
throughout the cross-section except:
 near the point of application of load, and
 at the cross-section with holes for bolts or other
discontinuities, etc.

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 Types of steel structures

Gusset plate

b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole

a a
Section a-a
8 x ½ in. bar

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 Design strength
•  A tension member can fail by reaching one
of two limit states:

1. Excessive deformation
• Yielding at the gross area

2. Fracture
• Fracture at the net area

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 Topics to be Covered
Nominal Strength
 Yielding of X-Section
 Fracture at Connection
Net Area at Connection
Shear Lag Phenomenon
ASD and LRFD Design of Tension Members
Design Examples

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 Design strength
1. Excessive deformation can occur due to the
yielding of the gross section at section a-a

Gusset plate

b Sectio
b
7/8 in. diameter hole

a a
Sectio
8 x ½ in. bar

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 Design strength
2. Fracture of the net section can occur if the stress
at the net section (section b-b) reaches the
ultimate stress Fu

Gusset plate

b Sec
b
7/8 in. diameter hole

a a
Se
8 x ½ in. bar

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 Design strength
Yielding of the gross section will occur when
the stress f reaches Fy
P
f   Fy
Ag

Nominal yield strength = Pn = Ag Fy

• Fracture of the net section will occur after the stress

on the net section area reaches the ultimate stress Fu
P
f  Fu
Ae
Nominal fracture strength = Pn = Ae Fu
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 Design strength
• AISC/ASD
Ft = 0.6 Fy on Gross Area
Ft = 0.5 Fu on Effective Area

• AISC/LRFD
Design strength for yielding on gross area
øtPn =øt Fy Ag = 0.9 Fy Ag
Design strength for fracture of net section
øtPn = øtFu Ae = 0.75 Fu Ae

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 Types of steel structures
Gusset plate

b Section b-b
b
7/8 in. diameter hole

a a
Section a-a
8 x ½ in. bar

Area of bar at section a – a = 8 x ½ = 4 in2

Area of bar at section b – b = (8 – 2 x 7/8 ) x ½ = 3.12 in2

The unreduced area of the member is called its gross area = Ag

The reduced area of the member is called its net area = An
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 Effective Net Area
• The connection has a significant influence on the
performance of a tension member.
• A connection almost always weakens the member
and a measure of its influence is called joint
efficiency.

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 Effective Net Area

•Joint efficiency is a function of:

(a) Material ductility
(b) Fastener spacing
(c) Stress concentration at holes
(d) Fabrication procedure
(e) Shear lag.

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 Effective Net Area
Research indicates that shear lag can be accounted for by
using a reduced or effective net area Ae
CG
For Bolted Connections
x1
x
U 1 
L
x2
• For bolted connection, the effective net area is Ae = U An

• For welded connection, the effective net area is Ae = U Ag

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 Effective Net Area
• For W, M, and S shapes with width-to-depth ratio of at least
2/3 and for Tee shapes cut from them, if the connection is
through the flanges with at least three fasteners per line in
the direction of applied load ,
U= 0.9

• For all other shapes with at least three fasteners per line ,
U= 0.85

• For all members with only two fasteners per line

U= 0.75

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 Net Area Example
Example : A 5 x ½ bar of A572 Gr. 50 steel is used as a tension
member. It is connected to a gusset plate with six 7/8 in. diameter
bolts as shown in below. Assume that the effective net area Ae equals
the actual net area An and compute the tensile design strength of the
member.

Gusset plate

b b
7/8 in. diameter bolt

a a

5 x ½ in. bar
A572 Gr. 50

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 Net Area Example

Gross section area (Ag):

Ag = 5 x ½ = 2.5 in2

Net section area (An):

Bolt diameter = db = 7/8 in.

Nominal hole diameter = dh = 7/8 + 1/16 in. = 15/16 in.

Hole diameter for calculating net area = 15/16 + 1/16 in. =

1 in.
Net section area = An = (5 – 2 x (1)) x ½ = 1.5 in2
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 Net Area Example

Gross yielding design strength:

ft Pn = ft Fy Ag
= 0.9 x 50 ksi x 2.5 in2 = 112.5 kips
Fracture design strength:
ft Pn = ft Fu Ae
= 0.75 x 65 ksi x 1.5 in2 = 73.125 kips
Assume Ae = An (only for this problem)

Therefore, design strength = 73.125 kips (net section fracture

controls).

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 Shear Lag in Tension
Members
• Shear lag in tension members arises when all the
elements of a cross section do not participate in the
load transfer at a connection.
•There are two primary phenomena that arise in
these cases:
(i) Non-uniform straining of the web resulting in
biaxial stress states
(ii) Effective area reduction.

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 Shear Lag in Tension
Members

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 Shear Lag in Tension
Members
Effective area reduction

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 Shear Lag in Tension
Members
Design Bottom Line
Shear lag can have a large influence on the
strength of tension members , in essence
reducing the effective area of the section. The
amount of the reduction is related to the length of
the connection and the arrangement of cross-
section elements that do not participate directly in
the connection load transfer.

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 Block Shear in Tension
Members
Block shear is a combined tensile/shear tearing
out of an entire section of a connection.

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 Block Shear in Tension
Members
For such a failure to occur, there are
two possible mechanisms:
(1) Shear rupture + tensile yielding; and
(2) Shear yielding + tensile rupturing.

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 Block Shear in Tension
Members
Design Bottom Line

As a likely limit state for connections,

block shear must be considered in
design. This can be accomplished by
considering the strength limit states of
the two failure mechanisms outlined
above.

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 Design Example 1-ASD

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 Design Example 1-ASD

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 Design Example 1-ASD

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 Design Example 1-ASD

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 Design Example 1-ASD

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 Design Example 1-ASD

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 Design Example 1-ASD

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 Design Example 1-ASD

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 Design Example 1-LRFD

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 Design Example 1-LRFD

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 Design Example 1-LRFD

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 Design Example 1-LRFD

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 Design Example 1-LRFD

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 Design Example 1-LRFD

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 Design Example 1-LRFD

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 Design Example 1-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

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 Design Example 2-ASD

Design Alternative 2

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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 Design Example 2-LRFD

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