Chapter 7 Respiration

Chapter 7 Respiration
7.1 Energy Production In Aerobic Respiration

Penghasilan Tenaga Dalam Respirasi Aerob
ITeach – Biology Form 4

Energy Production In Aerobic Respiration
What Is Respiration
Two Main Stages
External Respiration Internal Respiration
Maintains continuous Energy produce is available

exchange of gases between to all living things cells.
organism and its environment
Aerobic Anaerobic
respiration respiration
requires
C6H12O6
glucose

Bab 7 Respirasi
Apa Itu Respirasi
2 Peringkat Utama
Respirasi luaran Respirasi dalaman
Mengekalkan pertukaran gas Tenaga yang dihasilkan

antara organisma dan boleh digunakan oleh semua
persekitarannya secara sel benda hidup.
berterusan.
Respirasi Respirasi
aerob anaerob
memerlukan
C6H12O6
glukosa
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Function of Energy
Release From
Respiration
Transmission
Contraction Active
of nerve Cell division
of muscle transport
impulses

Bab 7 Respirasi
Fungsi tenaga
yang dibebaskan
daripada respirasi
Pengecutan Pengangkutan Pemindahan Pembahagian

otot aktif impuls saraf sel

Energy Production in Aerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration- Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2898 kJ

Glucose Oxygen Carbon dioxide Water Energy
Energy released is used to form adenosine triphosphate (ATP) from
adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
ADP + phosphate + energy → ATP
ATP acts as a major energy carrier in cells.
ATP composed of phosphate bonds which can be easily broken down to

release energy.
energy released
ATP ADP + phosphate + energy

Bab7 Respirasi
Respirasi aerob - Penguraian glukosa dengan kehadiran oksigen.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2898 kJ

Glukosa Oksigen Karbon dioksida Air Tenaga
Tenaga yang dibebaskan digunakan untuk membentuk adenosina trifosfat
(ATP) daripada adenosina difosfat (ADP).
ADP + fosfat + tenaga → ATP
ATP bertindak sebagai tenaga utama di dalam sel.
ATP mengandungi ikatan fosfat yang boleh terurai dengan mudah untuk
membebaskan tenaga.
Tenaga dibebaskan
ATP ADP + fosfat + tenaga

Anaerobic Respiration in Human Muscles
Anaerobic respiration is a process in which the cells continue to

generate ATP without using oxygen.
Anaerobic C6H12O6 →2C3H6O3+ 150kJ

respiration Glucose lactic acid energy
Vigorous
Oxygen debt in
physical
muscle
activity Amount of O2 needed
to remove lactic acid
Muscle return Fast and deep

to normal breathing
Lactic acid + oxygen →

Carbon dioxide+ water
+energy

Bab 7 Respirasi
Respirasi Anaerob Dalam Otot Manusia
Respirasi anaerob merupakan proses dimana sel menghasilkan

ATP tanpa menggunakan oksigen.
Respirasi C6H12O6 →2C3H6O3+ 150kJ

anaerob Glukosa Asid laktik
tenaga
Aktiviti
Hutang oksigen
fizikal yang Jumlah O2 yang
pada otot
aktif diperlukan untuk
menyingkirkan asid
laktik
Otot kembali Pernafasan

normal menjadi cepat
Asid laktik+ oksigen →

karbon dioksida+
air+tenaga

Anaerobic
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration In
In Yeast
Yeast
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration
Fermentation
Produce ethanol
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2+210 kJ

Bab 7 Respirasi
Penghasilan Tenaga Dalam Respirasi Anaerob
Respirasi
Respirasi Anaerob
Anaerob Dalam
Dalam Yis
Yis
Respirasi Aerob Respirasi Anaerob
Penapaian
Menghasilkan etanol
C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2+210 kJ

Comparison Between Aerobic Respiration

And Anaerobic Respiration
Aerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration
Oxygen
Required Not required
requirement
Ethanol, carbon dioxide
Carbon dioxide and water Products (fermentation), lactic acid
(muscle cells)
Number of ATP
32-38 molecules of ATP molecules 2 molecules of ATP
produced

Bab 7 Respirasi
Perbandingan Antara Respirasi Aerob dan

Respirasi Anaerob
Respirasi Aerob Respirasi Anaerob
Keperluan
Diperlukan Tidak diperlukan
oksigen
Etanol, karbon dioksida

Karbon dioksida dan air Hasil
(penapaian), asid laktik (sel otot)
Bilangan molekul
32-38 molekul ATP ATP yang 2 molekul ATP
dihasilkan

7.2 The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In

Humans And Animals
Struktur Pernafasan dan Mekanisme Pernafasan Dalam
Manusia dan Haiwan

The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In Humans And Animals
Three Common
Characteristic
Of The
Respiratory
Structure In
Organisms
Has a large surface Moist respiratory

area surface
Respiratory surface has thin

wall

Bab 7 Respirasi
Struktur Pernafasan dan Mekanisme Pernafasan Dalam Manusia dan Haiwan
Ciri-ciri Struktur
Pernafasan
Dalam
Organisma
Mempunyai luas
Permukaan respirasi
permukaan respirasi
yang lembap
yang besar
Dinding struktur respirasi

yang nipis

The Respiratory Structure And Breathing Mechanism Of Insects
Tracheole
- Provides surface Air sacs
area for the diffusion - Speed up the
of gases movement of gases
- Moist and thin
surface Spiracles
- Have valve which
allow air to go in and
Tracheae go out
- Made up of air tubes
spiracle
trachea oxygen
During inhalation tracheole During exhalation
-Abdominal muscles - Abdominal muscles
relax Carbon contract
-Spiracles are open dioxide -Pressure in tracheae
-Pressure in tracheae increases
decrease -Air move out from
-Air move into body of body of insects
insect muscle

Bab 7 Respirasi
Struktur Pernafasan dan Mekanisme Pernafasan Serangga
Trakeol
- Menyediakan Pundi udara
permukaan untuk - Mempercepatkan
resapan gas pergerakan udara
- Permukaan lembap
dan nipis Spirakel
- Mempunyai injap
yang membenarkan
Trakea
udara untuk keluar
- Terbina daripada
dan masuk
tiub udara
spirakel
trakea oksigen
Tarikan Nafas trakeol Hembusan Nafas
- Otot abdomen - Otot abdomen
mengendur karbon mengecut
-Spirakel dibuka dioksida -Tekanan di dalam
- Tekanan di dalam trakea meningkat
trakea menurun -Udara keluar dari
- Udara masuk ke badan serangga
dalam badan otot
serangga

The Respiratory Structure And Breathing Mechanism Of Fish
oxygen •Respiratory structure of fish is gills.

dissolved in gill arch
water gill
filaments •Each gill is composed of filament which
is supported by a gill arch.
buccal
•Filaments have lamellae to increase the
cavity
surface area for gaseous exchange.
deoxygenated
blood
network of •Gills filaments have network of blood
blood capillaries to assist efficient exchange of
capillaries gaseous.
oxygenated
blood
•Counter current exchange mechanism
maximises oxygen transfer.
water flow lamella

Bab 7 Respirasi
Struktur Pernafasan dan Mekanisme Pernafasan Ikan
oksigen lengkung Struktur pernafasan ikan adalah

larut di insang insang.
dalam air filamen
insang Setiap insang terdiri daripada filamen
yang disokong oleh lengkung insang.
rongga Filamen mempunyai lamela untuk

mulut meningkatkan luas permukaan bagi
darah pertukaran gas.
terdeoksigen
jaringan Filamen insang mempunyai jaringan
kapilari kapilari darah untuk membantu
darah dalam pertukaran gas yang cekap.
Darah
beroksigen Mekanisme pertukaran arus
berlawanan memaksimumkan
pemindahan oksigen.
aliran air lamela

The Respiratory Structure Of Amphibians
nostril
bucco-pharyngeal cavity
glottis
lung
lung
Characteristic
Of The Lungs Of
Folded A Frog Thin membrane
Moist Have a vast network

of blood capillaries

Bab 7 Respirasi
Struktur Pernafasan Amfibia
lubang hidung
rongga bukofarinks
glotis
peparu
peparu
Ciri-ciri Peparu
Berlipat-lipat Katak Membran nipis
Mempunyai jaringan
Lembap kapilari darah yang
besar

The Breathing Mechanism Of Amphibians
Nostrils open to let more

air going into buccal cavity
Nostrils
Glottis closes
open
The bucco-
Air flows
pharyngeal
out from
floor is
the lungs
lowered
• Lung muscles
Nostrils close • Air is drawn
contract to expel
the air from the into bucco-
lungs pharyngeal
The bucco
pharyngeal floor The lungs expand and
is raised gaseous exchange occurs

Bab 7 Respirasi
Mekanisme Pernafasan Amfibia
Lubang hidung terbuka

untuk membolehkan lebih
banyak udara masuk ke
dalam rongga mulut
Lubang
udara Glotis ditutup
dibuka
Udara Lantai rongga

mengalir bukofarinks
keluar direndahkan
daripada
peparu
• Otot peparu
Lubang hidung ditutup • Udara di sedut
mengecut untuk
memaksa udara masuk ke
keluar daripada dalam mulut
peparu Lantai rongga
bukofarinks
dinaikkan Paru-paru mengembang
dan pertukaran gas berlaku

The Respiratory Structure And

Breathing Mechanism Of Humans
Inhalation Exhalation
Air is taken into the lungs Air is pushed out of the lungs.
Inhalation Exhalation
Exhaled air is
Trachea – pushed out to
Carries air into the trachea
Air moves
the lungs Trachea
Lungs –
out Trachea Ribs – Rib
expand cage moves
Ribs-
downwards
Rib cage Rib
moves Rib as the
Intercostal external
Diaphragm
upwards Intercostal intercostal
as the muscle
– Contracts, Diaphragm Lungs- muscle muscles
moves
Diaphragm external
Shrink relax
intercostal
downward muscles
and flattens relax Diaphragm –
relaxes and
moves up

Bab 7 Respirasi
Struktur Pernafasan dan

Mekanisme Pernafasan Manusia
Tarikan nafas Hembusan nafas

Udara dibawa masuk ke peparu Udara dikeluarkan daripada peparu
Udara
hembusan
Trakea –
ditolak keluar
Membawa
Udara melalui trakea
udara masuk ke Trakea
dihembus
Peparu – dalam peparu
keluar
Trakea Otot
mengembang interkostal –
Otot
mengendur
interkostal – Tulang rusuk supaya
Mengecut Tulang rusuk
untuk Otot sangkar rusuk
Otot bergerak ke
menggerakkan interkostal
Diafragma Peparu- interkostal bawah dan ke
Diafragma sangkar rusuk
Menguncup dalam
ke atas dan ke
luar Diafragma –
Melengkung
ke atas

7.3 Gaseous Exchange Across The Respiratory Surfaces And

Transport Of Gases In Humans

Gaseous Exchange Across The Respiratory Surfaces And Transport Of Gases In Humans
Gaseous Exchange Across The Respiratory

Surfaces And Transport Of Gases In Humans
Partial pressure of
Partial pressure of
carbon dioxide
oxygen
Lower partial pressure of
Higher partial pressure of
CO2 in alveolus and
O2 in alveolus and lower
higher partial pressure of
partial pressure of O2 in
CO2 in blood capillary
blood capillary cause O2
cause CO2 to diffuse into
to diffuse into blood cells.
alveolus.

Bab 7 Respirasi
Pertukaran Gas Merentasi Permukaan Respirasi dan Pengangkutan Gas Bagi Manusia
Pertukaran Gas Merentasi Permukaan Respirasi

dan Pengangkutan Gas Bagi Manusia
Tekanan separa Tekanan separa karbon

oksigen dioksida
Tekanan separa O2 yang Tekanan separa CO2

tinggi di dalam alveolus yang rendah di dalam
dan tekanan separa O2 alveolus dan tekanan
yang rendah di dalam separa CO2 yang tinggi di
kapilari darah dalam kapilari darah
menyebabkan O2 menyebabkan CO2
meresap masuk ke dalam meresap masuk ke dalam
sel darah. alveolus.

The Transport Of Respiratory Gases

In Human
The Transport Of Oxygen
Oxygen is transported away by haemoglobin
High partial
In the lungs Haemoglobin + Oxygen pressure of O2 Oxyhaemoglobin
In the body Low partial

Oxyhaemoglobin pressure of O2 Haemoglobin+Oxygen
cells

Bab 7 Respirasi
Pengangkutan Gas Respirasi Bagi

Manusia
Pengangkutan oksigen
Oksigen diangkut oleh hemoglobin
Tekanan separa
Di peparu Hemoglobin + Oksigen O2 tinggi Oksihemoglobin
Tekanan separa
Di sel badan Oksihemoglobin O2 rendah Hemoglobin+Oksigen

The Transport Of Carbon Dioxide
Carbon dioxide can be transported in three

ways:
Bicarbonate ions Carbaminohaemoglobin Dissolved carbon

(HCO3-) dioxide
70% 23% 7%

Bab 7 Respirasi
Pengangkutan Karbon Dioksida
Karbon dioksida boleh diangkut dalam

tiga cara:
Ion bikarbonat Karbaminohemoglobin Karbon dioksida

(HCO3-) terlarut
70% 23% 7%

7.4 The Regulatory Mechanism In Respiration

The Regulatory Mechanism In Respiration
Relationship
Relationship Between
Between The
The Rate
Rate Of
Of
Respiration And The O And CO
Respiration And The O22 And CO22
Content
Rate of
O2 content
respiration
increases decrease,
CO2 increase
Vigorous Breathing rate Ventilation rate

exercise increase increased
Lung is filled
with more O2
Rate of each breath
respiration Heartbeat rate
decreases increase
(Normal)
More O2 and glucose is
CO2 is removed supplied for respiration
from cells of cellular cells

Bab 7 Respirasi
Mekanisme Pengawalaturan Dalam Respirasi
Perhubungan
Perhubungan Antara
Antara Kadar
Kadar Respirasi
Respirasi
Serta Kandungan
Serta Kandungan OO22 Dan
Dan CO
CO22
Kadar
Kandungan
respirasi
O2 menurun,
meningkat
CO2
meningkat
Aktiviti cergas Kadar Kadar
pernafasanpengudaraan
meningkat meningkat
Peparu dipenuhi
dengan O2 pada
Kadar
setiap
respirasi Kadar denyutan pernafasan
menurun jantung
(Normal) meningkat
Lebih banyak O2 dan
CO2
glukosa dibekalkan
disingkirkan
pada sel

The Regulatory Mechanism In Respiration
The Regulatory Mechanism Of Oxygen And

Carbon Dioxide Contents In The Body
Chemoreceptor in carotid bodies and aortic

1 bodies are stimulated when:
Cerebrum
Concentration of O2 decreases
Cerebellum
Concentration of CO2 increases
Blood pH changes Medula
oblongata
2 Nerve impulses are sent to medulla oblongata Intercostal
3 Information are analysed and impulses are sent

to intercostals muscles and diaphragm
diaphragm
4 More O2 is absorbed and more CO2 is excreted.
5 Rate of heartbeat also increases to pump the

blood to body cells

Bab 7 Respirasi
Mekanisme Pengawalaturan Dalam Respirasi
Mekanisme Pengawalaturan Kandungan
Oksigen dan Karbon Dioksida di Dalam
Badan
Kemoreseptor pada jasad karotid dan jasad

1 aorta diransang apabila:
serebrum
Kepekatan O2 menurun
serebelum
Kepekatan CO2 meningkat
pH darah berubah medula
oblongata
Impuls saraf akan dihantar ke medula Interkosta
2
oblongata.
3 Maklumat dianalisa dan impuls dihantar ke otot

interkosta dan diafragma.
diafragma
4 Lebih banyak O2 diserap dan CO2 dipaksa
keluar.
5 Kadar degupan jantung juga meningkat untuk

mengepam darah ke ke sel badan.

7.5 The Importance Of Maintaining A Healthy Respiratory

System

The Importance Of Maintaining A Healthy Respiratory System
The Importance Of Maintaining A Healthy

Respiratory System
cause
Contains toxic gases,

Lung cancer
tar and nicotine
Healthy lung

Bab 7 Respirasi
Kepentingan Mengekalkan Sistem Respirasi Yang Sihat
Kepentingan Mengekalkan Sistem

Respirasi Yang Sihat
menyebabkan
Mengandungi gas
Kanser Peparu
beracun, tar dan nikotin.
Peparu Sihat

7.6 Respiration In Plants

Respiration In Plants
The
The Intake
Intake Of
Of Oxygen
Oxygen By
By Plants
Plants For
For
Respiration
Respiration
Curved guard cells straight guard cells
Wide-open Closed
stoma stoma
Epidermis
cell
An open stoma. The stomata of A closed stoma. The stomata of a

plants are normally open during the plant may be close on a hot day to
day to allow the exchange of carbon reduce the loss of water.
dioxide and oxygen.

Bab 7 Respirasi
Respirasi Pada Tumbuhan
Pengambilan
Pengambilan Oksigen
Oksigen Oleh
Oleh Tumbuhan
Tumbuhan
Untuk
Untuk Respirasi
Respirasi
Sel pengawal melengkung Sel pengawal lurus
Stomata Stomata
terbuka tertutup
Sel luas
Epidermis
Stomata terbuka. Biasanya dibuka Stomata tertutup. Stoma akan

pada waktu siang untuk tertutup pada hari yang panas untuk
membolehkan berlakunya mengurangkan kehilangan air.
pertukaran karbon dioksida dan
oksigen.

The
TheRelationship
RelationshipBetween
Between
Respiration And Photosynthesis
Respiration And Photosynthesis
Respiration Photosynthesis
Light energy
 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +  6CO2+12H2O
Chlorophyll
Energy C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
 Carbon
Carbondioxide
dioxideininrespiration
respirationisisused
usedrapidly
rapidlyininphotosynthesis
photosynthesisprocess
process

Bab 7 Respirasi
Hubungan
HubunganAntara
AntaraRespirasi
Respirasidan
dan
Fotosintesis
Fotosintesis
Respirasi Fotosintesis
Tenaga cahaya
 C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O +  6CO2+12H2O
Klorofil
Tenaga C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
 Karbon
Karbondioksida
dioksidadididalam
dalamrespirasi
respirasidigunakan
digunakandengan
dengancepat
cepatdididalam
dalamproses
proses
fotosintesis.
fotosintesis.

Compensation Point
• Is when all carbon dioxide produced during respiration is

reused during photosynthesis.
• Rate of CO2 produced = Rate of CO2 consumed

(respiration) (photosynthesis)

Bab 7 Respirasi
Titik Pampasan
• Apabila semua karbon dioksida yang dihasilkan sewaktu

respirasi diguna semula untuk proses fotosintesis.
• Kadar penghasilan CO2 = Kadar penggunaan CO2 (respirasi)

(fotosintesis)

Chapter 7 Respiration

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Chapter 7 Respiration

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Chapter 7 Respiration

7.1 Energy Production In Aerobic Respiration

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Two Main Stages

External Respiration Internal Respiration

Maintains continuous Energy produce is available

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Apa Itu Respirasi

Respirasi luaran Respirasi dalaman

Mengekalkan pertukaran gas Tenaga yang dihasilkan

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Pengecutan Pengangkutan Pemindahan Pembahagian

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Energy Production in Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration- Breakdown of glucose in the presence of oxygen.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2898 kJ

ADP + phosphate + energy → ATP

ATP acts as a major energy carrier in cells.

ATP composed of phosphate bonds which can be easily broken down to

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Penghasilan Tenaga Dalam Respirasi Aerob

Respirasi aerob - Penguraian glukosa dengan kehadiran oksigen.

C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + 2898 kJ

ADP + fosfat + tenaga → ATP

ATP bertindak sebagai tenaga utama di dalam sel.

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Anaerobic Respiration in Human Muscles

Anaerobic respiration is a process in which the cells continue to

Anaerobic C6H12O6 →2C3H6O3+ 150kJ

Muscle return Fast and deep

Lactic acid + oxygen →

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Respirasi Anaerob Dalam Otot Manusia

Respirasi anaerob merupakan proses dimana sel menghasilkan

Respirasi C6H12O6 →2C3H6O3+ 150kJ

Otot kembali Pernafasan

Asid laktik+ oksigen →

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic respiration

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2+210 kJ

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Respirasi Aerob Respirasi Anaerob

C6H12O6 → 2C2H5OH + 2CO2+210 kJ

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

Comparison Between Aerobic Respiration

Aerobic respiration Anaerobic Respiration

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Perbandingan Antara Respirasi Aerob dan

Respirasi Aerob Respirasi Anaerob

Etanol, karbon dioksida

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

7.2 The Respiratory Structures And Breathing Mechanisms In

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Has a large surface Moist respiratory

Respiratory surface has thin

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Dinding struktur respirasi

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4

The Respiratory Structure And Breathing Mechanism Of Insects

ITeach – Biology Form 4

Struktur Pernafasan dan Mekanisme Pernafasan Serangga

ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4