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Chapter 4 Chemical Composition of The Cell
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition of The Cell
Of The Cell
Organic Inorganic
compound compound
Sebatian
kimia
Sebatian Sebatian
organik Bukan Organik
Lipids
Lipids
Form phospholipids
As a solvent for bilayer of plasma
vitamin A,D,E,K. membrane
Lipid
Lipid
Menghasilkan
Sebagai pelarut dwilapisan fosfolipid
vitamin A,D,E,K. membran plasma.
TheImportance
The Importanceof
ofNucleic
NucleicAcids
Acidsin
inthe
theCells
Cells
Phosphate group
Nitrogenous base
DNA
Pentose sugar
Basic Unit Structure
ITeach – Biology Form 4
Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel
KepentinganAsid
Kepentingan AsidNukleik
NukleikDalam
DalamSel
Sel
Kumpulan fosfat
Bes bernitrogen
DNA
Gula pentosa
Struktur Unit Asas
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell
TheImportance
The Importanceof
ofWater
Waterin
inthe
theCell
Cell
Polar molecule consist of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom.
Helps in lubrication.
water
Acts as a medium for biochemical
reactions.
KepentinganLipid
Kepentingan LipidDalam
DalamSel
Sel
Molekul berpolar yang mempunyai dua atom hidrogen dan satu atom
oksigen
Sebagai pelincir.
Air
Bertindak sebagai medium untuk tindak
balas biokimia.
4.2 Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates
Types
Typesof
ofcarbohydrates
carbohydrates
Karbohidrat
Jenis-jenis
Jenis-jenisKarbohidrat
Karbohidrat
Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Karbohidrat
Monosakarida
Carbohydrates
Karbohidrat
Carbohydrates
Condensation
1 Glucose + glucose Maltose + water
1
Hydrolysis
Condensation
2 Glucose + fructose Sucrose + water
2
Hydrolysis
Condensation
3 Glucose + galactose Lactose + water
3
Hydrolysis
Karbohidrat
Kondensasi
1 Glukosa + glukosa Maltosa + air
1
Hidrolisis
Kondensasi
2 Glukosa + fruktosa Sukrosa + air
2
Hidrolisis
Kondensasi
3 Glukosa + galaktosa Laktosa + air
3
Hidrolisis
Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides
Karbohidrat
Polisakarida
Polisakarida
Contoh polisakarida:
Kanji
Glikogen
Selulosa
4.3 Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
Proteins
Polypeptide chain is when more amino acids linked together to form long
chains of amino acids.
Protein
Protein
Protein
Dibina daripada asid amino yang digabung bersama oleh ikatan peptida.
Dipeptida: Dua asid amino yang digabung bersama oleh ikatan peptida.
Proteins
Protein Structures
Protein
Proteins
Protein
4.4 Lipids
Lipids
Fats
• Triglycerides
Oil
condensation
+ + 3H2O
hydrolysis
Lipid
Lemak
• Trigliserida
Minyak
kondensasi
+ + 3H2O
hidrolisis
Lipids
Fatty acids
(-C-C-) (-C=C-)
Lipid
Asid lemak
4.5 Enzymes
Enzymes
Enzim
Enzymes
Made up of proteins.
General
Small amount of enzyme needed to produce large
Characteristics
amount of substrate molecules.
of Enzymes
Reversible reaction:
Enzyme
Substrates Products
Enzim
Enzymes
Example :
Substrate Enzyme
Lactose Lactase
Sucrose Sucrase
Lipid Lipase
Pepsin,
Pepsin, trypsin
trypsin and
and rennin
rennin were
were named
named before
before
systematic
systematicway
wayofofnaming
namingenzymes
enzymeswaswascreated.
created.
Enzim
Contoh :
Substrat Enzim
Laktosa Laktase
Sukrosa Sukrase
Lipid Lipase
Pepsin,
Pepsin, tripsin
tripsin dan
dan renin
renin dinamakan
dinamakan sebelum
sebelum
sistem penamaan
sistem penamaan enzim secara sistematik
enzim secara sistematik
diwujudkan.
diwujudkan.
Enzymes
Enzim
Enzymes
Produced and kept in cell for its Produced in cell but secreted out
own use. of cell to work externally
Enzim
Enzymes
Production
Productionof
ofExtracellular
Extracellular
Enzymes
Enzymes
Protein is
Protein is wrapped in
Transported Rough endoplasmic vesicles
synthesised in Golgi apparatus
through reticulum (ER) and
ribosomes
moves to
Secretory
Enzyme is vesicle Transport vesicle
Outside cell Plasma membrane
released membrane fuses with Golgi
fuses with complex and
plasma protein is modified.
membrane
Enzim
Penghasilan
PenghasilanEnzim
EnzimLuar
LuarSel
Sel
Protein
Protein disintesis di Diangkut Jalinan endoplasma dibungkus
Jasad Golgi
dalam ribosom melalui kasar di dalam
vesikel dan
dipindahkan
ke
Vesikel
Enzim rembesan Vesikel pengangkut
Ke luar sel Membran plasma
dibebaskan berpadu berpadu dengan
dengan jasad Golgi dan
membran protein diubah.
plasma
Enzymes
active site
Enzyme Enzyme-substrate
products
Enzyme
ITeach – Biology Form 4
Bab 4 Komposisi Kimia Sel
Enzim
Mempunyai bentuk
khusus khas untuk substrat
substratnya
tapak aktif
Enzim Enzim-substrat
hasil
Enzim
ITeach – Biologi Tingkatan 4
Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Of The Cell
Enzymes
Substrate
Temperature
concentration
Factors
Factors
Affecting
Affecting
Enzyme
Enzyme
Activity
Activity
Enzyme
pH concentration
Enzim
Faktor
FaktorYang
Yang
Mempengaruhi
Mempengaruhi
Aktiviti
AktivitiEnzim
Enzim
pH Kepekatan enzim
Enzymes
Temperature
Optimum temperature
Increase in temperature
causes more collisions
Rate of enzyme-catalysed
between enzyme and
reaction decreases due to
substrate molecules
denaturation of enzyme
Temperature (ºC)
Enzim
Suhu
Suhu optimum
Peningkatan suhu
menyebabkan lebih Kadar tindak balas enzim-
banyak perlanggaran pemangkin menurun
berlaku antara molekul disebabkan oleh
enzim dan substrat penyahaslian enzim.
Suhu(ºC)
Enzymes
pH
pH
Enzim
pH
pH
Enzymes
Substrate
concentration
Rate of reaction
Substrate concentration
Enzim
Kepekatan
Substrat
Kepekatan substrat
Enzymes
Enzyme
concentration
Rate of reaction
Enzyme
concentration
Enzim
Kepekatan
Enzim
Kepekatan enzim
Enzymes
Biological enzymes
• Used in washing powder.
Lipase
• Used in cheese ripening.
The Uses of
Enzymes
Protease
• To tenderise meat.
Amylase
• Convert starch to sugar.
Enzim
Enzim biologi
• Digunakan di dalam sabun basuh.
Lipase
• Digunakan di dalam penyediaan keju.
Kegunaan Enzim
Protease
• Untuk melembutkan daging.
Amilase
• Menukar kanji kepada gula.
i - Teach