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Engineering Utilities Module 1
Engineering Utilities Module 1
• Electricity Theory
• Building Electrical Materials and Equipment
• Building Electrical Design Principles
Electrical Theory
𝑽𝑽 𝑽𝑽
𝑽𝑽=𝑰𝑹
=𝑰𝑹 𝑹=
𝑹= 𝑰
𝑰
𝑰𝑰=
=𝑹
𝑹
Where:
V = applied voltage in volts Georg Simon Ohm
I = current drawn in (1787 – 1854)
amperes
R = resistance in ohms
Conditions for Ohm’s Law
• Ohm’s law can be applied either to the entire circuit or
a part of a circuit
• When Ohm’s law is applied to a part circuit, part
resistance and the potential difference across that part
resistance should be used
• Ohm’s law can be applied to both dc and ac circuits
Limitations of Ohm’s Law
Ohm’s law is not applicable to the following:
• For metals which get heated up due to the flow of
current through them
• For electrolytes where enormous gases are produced
on either electrode
• For vacuum radio valves
• For arc lamps
• For semiconductors
• For gas-filled tubes, in which the ions are generated
as a result of current flow
• For appliances such as metal rectifier and crystal
detectors, in which the operation depends on the
direction of current
Electrical Power
Electrical Power (P) – it is defined as the rate
at which electrical energy is expended or used
up. It is the rate electric energy is converted into
another form, such as light, heat or mechanical
energy (or converted from another form into
electrical energy). Its unit is the Watt (W).
𝑷=𝑽𝑰
𝑷=𝑽𝑰
𝑷=
𝑽𝑽𝟐𝟐
𝑷= 𝑹 𝑷=𝑰
𝑷=𝑰 𝑹𝑹
𝟐𝟐
𝑹
Where: James Watt
P = electrical power in watt
V = voltage in volt Note:
I = current in amperes 1 horsepower (HP) = 746 W
R = resistance in ohm
Energy
𝑾=𝑷𝒕
𝑾=𝑷𝒕
Where:
P = electrical power in watt
t = time
W = electric energy consumed
Electric Circuit
Electric Circuit – it is a collection of electrical
elements interconnected in some specific way
through which electric current flows or it is intended
to flow.
A circuit consists of a
source, conducting parts
and a load.
Closed, Open and Short Circuits
1. Series circuit
2. Parallel circuit
3. Combinational Circuit
a. Series-parallel circuit – it is a combinational
circuit when simplified will result into a series circuit
b. Parallel-series circuit – it is a combinational
circuit when simplified will result into a parallel
circuit.
Series Circuits
1. Series Circuit – the circuit elements are
said to be connected in series when
they all carry the same current.
2. Properties of a Series Circuit:
The same current flows through all the
resistances.
There will be voltage drop across each
resistance.
The sum of the voltage drops is equal to
the applied voltage.
3. Equivalent Resistance of a Series
Circuit:
𝑵𝑵
𝑹𝑹𝑻𝑻=𝑹 𝑰𝑰𝑻𝑻=𝑰
=𝑰𝟏𝟏=𝑰
=𝑰𝟐𝟐=𝑰
=𝑹𝟏𝟏+𝑹
+𝑹𝟐𝟐+𝑹
+𝑹𝟑𝟑+⋯
+⋯+𝑹 ∑𝑹𝑹𝒏𝒏
+𝑹𝑵𝑵==∑
𝒏=𝟏
=𝑰𝟑𝟑
𝒏=𝟏
𝑽 𝑻𝑻=𝑽
𝑽 =𝑽𝟏𝟏+𝑽
+𝑽𝟐𝟐+𝑽
+𝑽𝟑𝟑
Where: RT = total resistance
Sample Problems
1. Four coils having resistances of 3, 5, 10 and 12 ohms are
connected in series across 120 V. Determine (a) equivalent
resistance of the circuit, (b) current flowing through the circuit
and (c) voltage drop across individual coils.
Solution:
(a) For the equivalent resistance of the
IT circuit
V1 3
𝑅𝑇 =3+5+10+12
V2 5 𝑹𝑻 =𝟑𝟎 𝛀
VT
120 V (b) For the current flowing through the
V3 10 circuit
𝑉𝑇 120
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼𝑇 =
V4 12 𝑅𝑇 30
𝑰 𝑻 =𝟒 𝑨
(c) For the voltage drop across individual coils.
𝑉
1= ( 4 )( 3 ) 𝑽
𝟏=𝟏𝟐𝑽
𝑉
2= ( 4 )( 5 ) 𝑽
𝟐=𝟐𝟎 𝑽
𝑉
3 = ( 4 )( 10 ) 𝑽
𝟑 =𝟒𝟎 𝑽
𝑉
4 = ( 4 ) ( 12 ) 𝑽
𝟒 =𝟒𝟖 𝑽
Sample Problems
2. An electric iron is rated at 1 kW, 250 V. Calculate the current taken
by it if it is connected to 220 V supply.
Solution:
For the electric iron, it is rated at 1 kW, 250 V
𝑉2 ( 250 )2
𝑃= 1,000= 𝑅=62.5 Ω
𝑅 𝑅
When the electric iron is connected a 220 V supply
𝑉 220
𝐼= 𝐼=
𝑅 62.5
𝑰=𝟑 . 𝟓𝟐 𝑨
Sample Problems
3. Three resistors are connected in series across a 12 V battery. The
first resistor has a value of 1 Ω, second has a voltage drop of 4 V
and the third has a power dissipation of 12 W. Calculate the value
of the circuit current.
Solution:
IT
V1 R1 𝑉
𝑇 =𝑉 1 +𝑉 2 +𝑉 3
1
12=𝑉
1+ 4+𝑉 3
VT
V2 R2
12 V
4V 𝑉
1 +𝑉 3 =8
V3 R3
P3 = 12 W
For V1,
𝑉
1=𝐼 𝑅1 𝑉
1=𝐼 ( 1 ) 𝑉
1=𝐼 (numerically )
For V3,
12
𝑃3=𝑉 3 𝐼 12=𝑉
3𝐼 𝑉 3=
𝐼
Substituting,
𝑉
1 +𝑉 3 =8
12
𝐼+ =8 𝐼 2 −8 𝐼 +12=0
𝐼
𝑰 =𝟔 𝑨 𝑰 =𝟐 𝑨
Parallel Circuits
1. Parallel Circuit – circuit elements
are connected in parallel when the same
voltage is common to all of them.
2. Properties of a Parallel Circuit:
The voltage across each
resistance of the parallel
combination is the same.
There are as many current paths
as the number of branches.
The current in each branch is given
by Ohm’s law.
The total current of the circuit is
equal to the sum of branch
currents.
3. Equivalent Resistance of a Parallel
Circuit 𝑽 𝑽 𝑻𝑻=𝑽
=𝑽𝟏𝟏=𝑽
=𝑽𝟐𝟐=𝑽
=𝑽𝟑𝟑
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟏 𝑰 𝑰𝑻 =𝑰
=𝑰𝟏 ++𝑰𝑰𝟐++𝑰𝑰𝟑
𝑹𝑻 = 𝑵
𝑻 𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
𝑻
𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝟏𝟏 𝑵
++ ++ ++⋯+ = ∑
∑ 𝑹𝑹𝒏
𝑹𝑹𝟏 𝑹𝑹𝟐 𝑹𝑹𝟑 ⋯+𝑹𝑹𝑵 =𝒏=𝟏
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝑵 𝒏=𝟏 𝒏 Where: RT = total resistance
Sample Problems
1. The equivalent resistance of four resistors joined in parallel
is 20 ohms. The currents flowing through them are 0.6, 0.3,
0.2 and 0.1 ampere. Find the value of each resistor.
Solution: 24
𝑅1 = 𝑹𝟏 =𝟒𝟎 𝛀
0.6
IT
VT R1 R2 R3 R4 24
𝑅2 = 𝑹𝟐 =𝟖𝟎 𝛀
0.3
I1 I2 I3 I4
24 𝑹 𝟑 =𝟏𝟐𝟎 𝛀
𝑅3 =
𝐼 𝑇 =0.6+0.3+0.2+0.1=1.2 A 0.2
𝑉
𝑇 =𝐼 𝑇 𝑅𝑇 = (1.2 ) ( 20 ) =24 𝑉 24
𝑅 4= 𝑹 𝟒=𝟐𝟒𝟎 𝛀
0.1
Sample Problems
2. Two bulbs of 250 W, 230 V each, are connected across a
200 V supply. Calculate the total power drawn from the
supply if the bulbs are connected (a) in parallel and (b) in
series.
Solution:
VT 𝑉 2𝑇 ( 200 )2
200 V 𝑃𝑇 = 𝑃𝑇 =
𝑅𝑇 423.2
PT = 45 W 𝑹=𝟒𝟓 𝛀
Sample Problems
1
𝑅 𝐴𝐵 = 𝟓
1 1 𝑹 𝑨𝑩 = 𝛀
+ 𝟔
1 5
(b) Between C and D
1 𝟑
𝑅𝐶𝐷 = 𝑹𝑪𝑫 = 𝛀
1 1 1 𝟐
+ +
3 6 6
(c) Between E and F
1
𝑅 𝐸𝐹 = 𝟑
1 1 𝑹 𝑬𝑭 = 𝛀
+ 𝟐
6 2
(d) Between A and F
By inspection,
𝑅 𝐴𝐹 =𝑅 𝐴𝐵
𝟓
𝑹 𝑨𝑭 = 𝛀
𝟔
(e) Between A and C
1
𝑅 𝐴𝐶 = 𝟒
1 1 𝑹 𝑨𝑪 = 𝛀
+ 𝟑
2 1+3
Sample Problems
𝑉 550 9.25
𝐼= ¿
550 550
𝐼 = 37 A
2200
𝑉
500 =2.5 𝑉
¿ 37 − 1
𝐼 1 =𝐼 − 𝐼 2
2.5 1 2200 200
𝐼2 = = 𝐴
500 200 13
𝐼 1 = 𝐴
1100
1
𝑉 50 =𝐼 2 ( 50 )= ( )
200
(50 )
𝑅=
𝑉𝑅
¿
2.75
𝑉
50 =0.25 𝑉 𝐼1 13 /1100
𝑹=𝟐𝟑𝟐 . 𝟔𝟗 𝛀
Sample Problems
6. A resistance R is connected in series with a parallel
combination of two resistances 12 Ω and 8 Ω. Calculate
R if the power dissipated in the circuit is 70 W when the
applied voltage is 20 V across the circuit.
Solution:
1 24
R 𝑅 𝑥= = Ω
1 1 5
+
12 8
VT
12 18 𝑅𝑇 =𝑅 + 𝑅 𝑥
20 V
PT = 70 W 40 24
=𝑅+
7 5
𝑉 2𝑇 (20)2
𝑃𝑇 = 70=
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝟑𝟐
𝑹= 𝛀=𝟎. 𝟗𝟏 𝛀
40 𝟑𝟓
𝑅𝑇 = Ω
7
Cost of Electrical Energy
A utility company will charge its customers for the electric
energy consumed.
• Energy Charge – is the cost of electrical energy
consumed.
• Maximum Demand – is the user’s highest rate at which
energy is consumed in kilowatts.
• Demand Charge – is the billing fee related to the
maximum charge.
Sample Problems
1. A 60 W lamp remains lighted for 24 hours per day for 30
days. Determine (a) the electrical energy consumed over
this period, (b) the energy charge for the billing period at a
rate of Php 5.93/kWh
Solution:
𝑊=
𝑃𝑡
h𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑠 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠
𝑊 =60𝑊 × 24 ×30
𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
𝑾=𝟒𝟑
, 𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑾𝒉=𝟒𝟑 . 𝟐 𝒌𝑾𝒉
Sample Problems
(b) For the energy charge for the billing period at a rate
of Php 5.93/kWh
𝑃h𝑝 5.93
𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑐h𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒=43.2 𝑘𝑊h ×
𝑘𝑊h
Solution: