1.

Obsevrve the optical properties of ZnO

after modification through laser abliation.
• ZINC
• Zinc is a chemical element with the symbol Zn and atomic number
30. Zinc is a slightly brittle metal at room temperature and has a
blue-silvery appearance when oxidation is removed. It is the first
element in group 12 of the periodic table.
• Oxygen
• Oxygen is the chemical element with the symbol O and atomic
number 8. It is a member of the chalcogen group in the periodic
table, a highly reactive nonmetal, and an oxidizing agent that readily
forms oxides with most elements as well as with other compounds
• Zinc oxide is an inorganic compound with the formula ZnO. ZnO is a
white powder that is insoluble in water, and it is widely used as an
additive in numerous materials and products including rubbers,
plastics, ceramics, glass, cement, lubricants,[10] paints, ointments,
adhesives, sealants, pigments, foods, batteries, ferrites, fire retardants,
and first-aid tapes. Although it occurs naturally as the mineral zincite,
most zinc oxide is produced synthetically.
 Properties
Chemical formula ZnO
Molar mass 81.406 g/mol[1]
Appearance White solid[1]
Odor Odorless
Density 5.1 g/cm3[1]
Melting point 1,974 °C (3,585 °F; 2,247 K) (decomposes)
[1][5]

Boiling point 1,974 °C (3,585 °F; 2,247 K) (decomposes)

Solubility in water 0.0004% (17.8°C)[2]
Band gap 3.3 eV (direct)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ) −27.2·10−6 cm3/mol[3]
Refractive index (nD) n1=2.013, n2=2.029[4
• Zinc oxide nanoparticles are nanoparticles of zinc oxide (ZnO) that have
diameters less than 100 nanometers. They have a large surface area relative
to their size and high catalytic activity. The exact physical and chemical
properties of zinc oxide nanoparticles depend on the different ways they are 
synthesized. Some possible ways to produce ZnO nano-particles are 
laser ablation, hydrothermal methods, electrochemical depositions, 
sol–gel method, chemical vapor deposition, thermal decomposition, 
combustion methods, ultrasound, microwave-assisted combustion method,
two-step mechanochemical–thermal synthesis, anodization, co-precipitation, 
electrophoretic deposition, and precipitation processes using solution
concentration, pH, and washing medium. ZnO is a 
wide-bandgap semiconductor with an energy gap of 3.37 eV at room
temperature.[1]
• Doping of ZnO.
• the doping of the oxidic compound semiconductor ZnO is reviewed with special emphasis on n-type
doping. ZnO naturally exhibits n-type conductivity, which is used in the application of highly doped n-type
ZnO as a transparent electrode, for instance in thin film solar cells. For prospective application of ZnO in
other electronic devices (LEDs, UV photodetectors or power devices) p-type doping is required, which has
been reported only minimally. Highly n-type doped ZnO can be prepared by doping with the group IIIB
elements B, Al, Ga, and In, which act as shallow donors according to the simple hydrogen-like
substitutional donor model of Bethe .
• Group IIIA elements (Sc, Y, La etc) are also known to act as shallow donors in ZnO, similarly explainable
by the shallow donor model of Bethe. Some reports showed that even group IVA (Ti, Zr, Hf) and IVB (Si,
Ge) elements can be used to prepare highly doped ZnO films—which, however, can no longer be explained
by the simple hydrogen-like substitutional donor model. More probably, these elements form defect
complexes that act as shallow donors in ZnO.
• On the other hand, group V elements on oxygen lattice sites (N, P, As, and Sb), which were viewed for a
long time as typical shallow acceptors, behave instead as deep acceptors, preventing high hole
concentrations in ZnO at room temperature. Also, 'self'-compensation, i.e. the formation of a large number
of intrinsic donors at high acceptor concentrations seems to counteract the p-type doping .
• Laser ablation or photoablation is the process of removing material from a solid surface by irradiating
it with a laser beam. At low laser flux, the material is heated by the absorbed laser energy and
evaporates or sublimates. At high laser flux, the material is typically converted to a plasma
•Synthesis and characterization of ZnO by laser abliation.
• formation of colloidal suspension of zinc oxide nanoparticles by pulsed laser ablation of a zinc metal
target at room temperature in different liquid environment. We have used photoluminescence, atomic
force microscopy and X-ray diffraction to characterize the nanoparticles. The sample ablated in
deionized water showed the photoluminescence peak at 384 nm (3.23 eV), whereas peaks at 370 nm
(3.35 eV) were observed for sample prepared in isopropanol. The use of water and isopropanol as a
solvent yielded spherical nanoparticles of 14–20 nm while in acetone we found two types of particles,
one spherical nanoparticles with sizes around 100 nm and another platelet-like structure of 1 μm in
diameter and 40 nm in width. The absorption peak of samples prepared in deionized water and
isopropanol are seen to be substantially blue shifted relative to that of the bulk zinc oxide due to the
strong confinement effect. The technique offers an alternative for preparing the nanoparticles of active
metal.
• Band gap.
• ZnO is a wide-bandgap semiconductor of the II-VI semiconductor group. In literature, ZnO has a
relatively large direct band gap of ~3.3 eV at room temperature. Advantages associated with a large
band gap include higher breakdown voltages, ability to sustain large electric fields, lower electronic
noise, and high-temperature and high-power operation. The bandgap of ZnO can further be tuned to
~3–4 eV by its alloying. 
• The energy band gap Eg is strongly dependent upon the the preparative conditions, growing process
and the crystal structure of ZnO. Zinc oxide crystallizes in two main forms, hexagonal wurtzite and
cubic zincblende. The wurtzite structure is most stable at ambient conditions and thus most
common. The zincblende form can be stabilized by growing ZnO on substrates with cubic lattice
structure. In both cases, the zinc and oxide centers are tetrahedral, the most characteristic
geometry for Zn(II). ZnO converts to the rocksalt motif at relatively high pressures about 10 GPa.
• Therefore, according to the preparative conditions, growing process and the crystal structure of ZnO
• RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
• Laser synthesis of ZnO NPs using different fluences.
• Samples were characterized by absorption spectroscopy,
• SEM, and XRD. The control of Nano collide composition
• and structure during Laser ablation in liquids is vital
• for accomplishing metastable stages, and for planning
• multifunctional nanoparticles with ideal size
 effect of laser environment on the characteristics
of ZnO nanoparticles by laser ablation

• Abstract
• zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles were prepared by laser ablation of Zinc
(purity of 99/99 %) target. The effect of solvents, methanol and distilled
water on the characterization of ZnO has been investigated. The beam of
a Q-switched Nd: Yag laser with the length wave of 1064 nm and pulse
duration of 6 ns was used. ZnO nanoparticles which were produced in
distilled water and methanol were characterized by transmission
electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and the optical absorption
spectroscopy–ultraviolet (UV–VIS-IR). The XRD results showed that the
ZnO nanoparticles have a hexagonal crystal structure. Different size of
ZnO nanoparticles were formed because of different environment of
laser pulse generated.
• Experimental
• Zn and Zno nanoparticles were synthesized by PLA of zinc target (10 × 10 mm2 and thickness of
1 mm, 99.99 % purity). Two zinc metal plates were placed on the bottom of open glass vessel filled
with 30 mL of deionized water and methanol, respectively. The Zn plates had a smooth surface and
were first cleaned ultrasonically in acetone and methanol baths consecutively and then rinsed with
distilled water for 10 min before the experiment to remove all contaminants. The Zn targets were
ablated vertically by a Q-switched, Nd–Yag laser (first harmonic) from spectrum A.N.T. ltd operated
at 1064 nm with pulse duration of 6 ns and 10 Hz repetition rate. The laser beam of 6 mm in
diameter was loosely focused using a lens with a focal length of 80 mm. The ablation fluency was
about of 1 J/cm2at a repetition rate when 1000 pulses were used. Figure 1 shows Zn and ZnO
nanoparticles solution generated by 1064 nm laser pulse wavelength in methanol and water. It is
clear that the color of solutions has been changed after ablation. Different analytical methods were
applied for the characterization of produced nanoparticles. The solution of Zn–Zno nanoparticles
was dried on silicon substrates and then XRD was performed. The crystal structure of the samples
was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) with Cu-Kα radiation (λ ¼ 1.54060 Å) (STADIMP:
STOE, v = 40 kv, i = 40 Ma) was applied. The optical properties of the nanoparticle solution were
examined at room temperature by a UV–VIS-IR absorption Spectrophotometer (model: CARY500
scan, company: Varian, 175–3300 nm). The size and distribution of nanoparticles was performed by
transmission electron microscopy (TEM) (Zeiss-EM10c–80 kv) after the solution has dried on the
grid.
• Results and discussion
• Structural properties
• a broad absorption spectrum in the Ultraviolet region of the nanoparticles produced
by laser ablation of Zn target in methanol and distilled water solution. The absorption
spectroscopy system is capable of absorbing solution in the region (175–3300 nm)
wavelength range with a resolution of 1 nm. The absorption spectra have peaks
centered at 300 nm (methanol) and 335 nm (distilled water) which are assigned to
Zn–Zno nanoparticles. The most dramatic property of semiconductor nanoparticles is
the size evolution of the optical absorption spectra. Hence, UV–visible absorption
spectroscopy is an efficient technique to monitor the optical properties of quantum
size particles Whenn the size of semiconductor nanoparticles is comparable to or
below their exciton Bohr radius, they have distinctive electronic and optical behaviors
due to exciton quantum confinement phenomena . It is clear that the absorption edge
systematically shifts to the lower wavelength with decreasing size of the nanoparticle.
This pronounced and systematic shift in the absorption edge is due to the quantum
size effect. The blue shift of absorption peak due to quantum confinement effect can
be observed in the spectra. Absorption peak intensity increases by changing the type
of solution, which could be due to their smaller size and greater number of particles in
methanol as compared to distilled water.
• XRD studies of nanoparticles
• Synthesis of zinc nanoparticles is also verified using X-ray
diffraction (XRD). XRD spectrum of samples is presented .
• X-ray diffraction measurement was performed for the dried
nanoparticles on silicon substrate. The XRD spectrum clearly shows
the crystalline structure of the various peaks of Zn and ZnO
nanoparticles. The XRD pattern of the nanoparticles formed by
1064 nm wavelength laser beam in deionized water and methanol at
room temperature reveals that they are crystalline and possess the
hexagonal Wurtzite structur . The average crystallite size from XRD
has been estimated using Scherer formula.
•Presented by
•
sidra kausar