Thermodynamics I

Evaluating properties
Part 2

Farlán Taborda

Lecture 07
Date: 2015-04-14
Example
Heating Ammonia at Constant Pressure
  vertical piston–cylinder assembly containing 0.1 lb of ammonia, initially a
A
saturated vapor, is placed on a hot plate. Due to the weight of the piston and the
surrounding atmospheric pressure, the pressure of the ammonia is 20 lbf/in 2.
Heating occurs slowly, and the ammonia expands at constant pressure until the
final temperature is 77°F. Show the initial and final states on and diagrams, and
determine
a) the volume occupied by the ammonia at each end state, in ft 3 .
b) the work for the process, in Btu.

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3
Example
 A well insulated rigid tank having a volume of 10 ft3 contains saturated
water vapor at 212 °F. The wáter is rapidly stirred unit the pressure is 20
lbf/in2. Determine the temperature at the final state (in °F), and the work
during the process (in BTU).

4
 Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Region
Tables A-2/A-2E (Temperature Table)
and A-3/A-3E (Pressure Table) provide
 saturated liquid (f) data
 saturated vapor (g) data

Table note: For saturated liquid specific volume, the table heading is vf×103.
At 8oC, vf × 103 = 1.002 → vf = 1.002/103 = 1.002 × 10–3.
Sp e cific Vo lu m e In te rn al En e rg y Enth alp y En tro p y
Table A-2 m / kg3
kJ/ kg kJ/ kg kJ/ kg ∙K
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
Te m p Pre s s . Liquid Vap o r Liquid Vap o r Liquid Evap . Vap o r Liquid Vap o r Te m p
o
C b ar o
C
vf ×1 0 3 vg uf ug hf h fg hg sf sg
.0 1 0 .0 0 6 1 1 1 .0 0 0 2 2 0 6 .1 3 6 0 .0 0 2 3 7 5 .3 0 .0 1 2 5 0 1 .3 2 5 0 1 .4 0 .0 0 0 0 9 .1 5 6 2 .0 1
4 0 .0 0 8 1 3 1 .0 0 0 1 1 5 7 .2 3 2 1 6 .7 7 2 3 8 0 .9 1 6 .7 8 2 4 9 1 .9 2 5 0 8 .7 0 .0 6 1 0 9 .0 5 1 4 4
5 0 .0 0 8 7 2 1 .0 0 0 1 1 4 7 .1 2 0 2 0 .9 7 2 3 8 2 .3 2 0 .9 8 2 4 8 9 .6 2 5 1 0 .6 0 .0 7 6 1 9 .0 2 5 7 5
6 0 .0 0 9 3 5 1 .0 0 0 1 1 3 7 .7 3 4 2 5 .1 9 2 3 8 3 .6 2 5 .2 0 2 4 8 7 .2 2 5 1 2 .4 0 .0 9 1 2 9 .0 0 0 3 6
8 0 .0 1 0 7 2 1 .0 0 0 2 1 2 0 .9 1 7 3 3 .5 9 2 3 8 6 .4 3 3 .6 0 2 4 8 2 .5 2 5 1 6 .1 0 .1 2 1 2 8 .9 5 0 1 8

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Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Region
  The specific volume of a two-phase liquid-
vapor mixture can be determined by using the
saturation tables and quality, .
 The total volume of the mixture is the sum of
the volumes of the liquid and vapor phases:
V = Vliq + Vvap
  Dividing by the total mass of the mixture, , an average specific volume
for the mixture is: V Vliq Vvap
v  
m m m
  With
, , , and :
  (Eq. 3.2)
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Exercise

Estimate the specific volume of a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture of water at 212

°F and a quality of 0.9.

Consider a system consisting of a two-phase liquid–vapor mixture of water at 100

°C and a quality of 0.9. Estimate its specific volume.

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Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Region
  Since pressure and temperature are NOT independent properties in the
two-phase liquid-vapor region, they cannot be used to fix the state in
this region.
 The property, quality (), defined only in the two-phase liquid-vapor
region, and either temperature or pressure can be used to fix the state
in this region.

v = (1 – x)vf + xvg = vf + x(vg – vf) (Eq. 3.2)

u = (1 – x)uf + xug = uf + x(ug – uf) (Eq. 3.6)

h = (1 – x)hf + xhg = hf + x(hg – hf) (Eq. 3.7)

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Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Region

 It is noted that the value of any extensive property per unit mass in the saturation
region is calculated from an equation having a form similar to that of the above
equation. Let be any extensive property and let be the corresponding intensive
property, , then

Y
y  y f  x( yg  y f )
m
 y f  x y fg
where y fg  y g  y f

 
The term is the difference between the saturated vapor and the saturated liquid
values of the property ; may be replaced by any of the variables , , , or .
We often use the above equation to determine the quality of a saturated liquid-
vapor state.

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Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Region
Lever Rule

The following application is called the Lever Rule

y  yf
x
y fg
The Lever Rule is illustrated in the following figures.

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 Two-Phase Liquid-Vapor Region
 Example: A system consists of a two-phase liquid-vapor mixture of
water at 6oC and a quality of 0.4. Determine the specific volume, in
m3/kg, of the mixture.
 Solution: Apply Eq. 3.2, v = vf + x(vg – vf)

Substituting values from Table 2: vf = 1.001×10–3 m3/kg and vg = 137.734

m3/kg:

v = 1.001×10–3 m3/kg + 0.4(137.734 – 1.001×10–3) m3/kg

v = 55.094 m3/kg
Sp e cific Vo lu m e In te rn al En e rg y En th alp y En tro p y
Table A-2 m 3/ kg kJ/ kg kJ/ kg kJ/ kg ∙K
Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat. Sat.
Te m p Pre s s . Liq uid Va p o r Liq u id Vap o r Liq u id Ev ap . Va p o r Liq u id Vap o r Te m p
o
C b ar o
C
vf ×1 0 3
vg uf ug hf h fg hg sf sg
.0 1 0 .0 0 6 1 1 1 .0 0 0 2 2 0 6 .1 3 6 0 .0 0 2 3 7 5 .3 0 .0 1 2 5 0 1 .3 2 5 0 1 .4 0 .0 0 0 0 9 .1 5 6 2 .0 1
4 0 .0 0 8 1 3 1 .0 0 0 1 1 5 7 .2 3 2 1 6 .7 7 2 3 8 0 .9 1 6 .7 8 2 4 9 1 .9 2 5 0 8 .7 0 .0 6 1 0 9 .0 5 1 4 4
5 0 .0 0 8 7 2 1 .0 0 0 1 1 4 7 .1 2 0 2 0 .9 7 2 3 8 2 .3 2 0 .9 8 2 4 8 9 .6 2 5 1 0 .6 0 .0 7 6 1 9 .0 2 5 7 5
6 0 .0 0 9 3 5 1 .0 0 0 1 1 3 7 .7 3 4 2 5 .1 9 2 3 8 3 .6 2 5 .2 0 2 4 8 7 .2 2 5 1 2 .4 0 .0 9 1 2 9 .0 0 0 3 6
8 0 .0 1 0 7 2 1 .0 0 0 2 1 2 0 .9 1 7 3 3 .5 9 2 3 8 6 .4 3 3 .6 0 2 4 8 2 .5 2 5 1 6 .1 0 .1 2 1 2 8 .9 5 0 1 8
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Example

A closed vessel contains 0.1 m3 of saturated liquid and 0.9 m3 of saturated vapor
R-134a in equilibrium at 30 °C. Determine the percent vapor on a mass basis.

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13
Compressed Liquid Water Table
A substance is said to be a compressed liquid when the pressure is greater than
the saturation pressure for the temperature.

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Compressed Liquid Water Table

 At pressures below 5 MPa for water, the data are approximately equal to the
saturated liquid data at the given temperature. We approximate intensive
parameter , that is , , , and data as

y  y f @T
The enthalpy is more sensitive to variations in pressure; therefore, at high
pressures the enthalpy can be approximated by

h  h f @T  v f ( P  Psat )
For our work, the compressed liquid enthalpy may be approximated by

h  h f @T
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How to Choose the Right Table
 The correct table to use to find the thermodynamic properties of
a real substance can always be determined by comparing the
known state properties to the properties in the saturation region.
 Given the temperature or pressure and one other property from
the group , , , and , the following procedure is used.
 For example if the pressure and specific volume are specified,
three questions are asked. For the given pressure,

Is v  v f ?
Is v f  v  v g ?
Is v g  v ?

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How to Choose the Right Table

 Theanswer to one of these questions must be yes.

 If the answer to the first question is yes, the state is in the
compressed liquid region, and the compressed liquid tables are
used to find the properties of the state.
 If the answer to the second question is yes, the state is in the
saturation region, and either the saturation temperature table or
the saturation pressure table is used to find the properties. Then
the quality is calculated and is used to calculate the other
properties, , , and .
 If the answer to the third question is yes, the state is in the
superheated region and the superheated tables are used to find
the other properties.

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