BOSH OH Template For STO

Occupational Health
Module
Department of Labor and Employment

Occupational Safety and Health Center
OBJECTIVES:
After this session, the participants will be
able to:
– Explain the key concepts of occupational health
– Discuss and explain common hazards in the

workplace and their effects on workers health
– Describe the role of medical surveillance in preventing

occupational illnesses and injuries
– Identify ways to protect one’s self from health hazards

Occupational Health Definition
(WHO/ILO)
• Promotion and maintenance of the highest degree of
physical, mental & social well-being of workers of all
occupations
• Prevention among its workers of departures from health

caused by their working conditions
• Protection of workers in their employment from risks

usually from factors adverse to health
• Placing & maintenance of the worker in an occupational

environment adapted to his/her physiological ability.
Data on Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses
Global Estimates

ILO Estimates
• based on 2001 Data (2005)
– Work-related accidents: 270 million/year
– Work-related illnesses: 160 million/year
Deaths: 2.2 million/year

Global Estimates: Deaths due to Work
(ILO 2002)

Data on Occupational
Injuries and Illnesses
Philippine Data

Data on Occupational Injuries and
Illnesses: Philippines
Sources
• Administrative submission of annual accident and
medical reports (Work Accident and illness Report
WAIR and Annual Medical Report AMR)
• Nationwide Sampling Survey (Integrated Survey –
Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics BITS)
• Database of compensation claims
• Research and case studies

Annual Medical Report:
Data on Distribution of Specific Hazards
(1996 – 2000)
Specific Hazard
Type of Hazard
(with highest exposure)
Physical Noise
Chemical Unclassified
Ergonomics Prolonged standing

Excessive physical load
Biological Viral

AMR: Top Ten Illnesses and Diseases
Reported (1996 – 2000)
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000
1.colds
1. colds 1.tension
1.colds 2.Tonsillo-
1.colds 2. diarrhea headache
2.tension pharyngitis
2.tension 3. tension 2.colds
headache 3.diarrhea
headache headache 3.diarrhea
3.diarrhea 4.tension
3.diarrhea 4. gastritis 4.influenza
4.influenza headache
4.Tonsillo- 5. Tonsillo- 5.vertigo
5.gastritis 5.gastritis
pharyngitis pharyngitis 6.gastritis
6.Tonsillo- 6.influenza
5.gastritis 6. Conjunc-tivitis 7.error of
pharyngitis 7.Dysmenor-
6.influenza 7. influenza refraction
7.hypertension rhea
7.Hyperten-sion 8. allergy 8.amoebiasis
8.Dysmenor- 8.urinary tract
8.allergy 9. Dysmenor- 9.Tonsillo-
rhea infection
9.Conjunc-tivitis rhea pharyngitis
9.bronchitis 9.bronchitis
10.gingivitis 10.Hyperten- 10.Dysmenor-
10.arthritis 10.Conjunc-
sion rhea
tivitis
n = 1,048 n = 2,068 n = 1,929 n = 3,028 n = 2,097

Data on Occupational Illnesses and
Injuries in the Philippines
Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics

(BLES)
– BLES Integrated Survey (BITS) 2007 - 2008
• Nationwide sampling survey
• Sample
– Around 24,000 non-agricultural establishments employing 20 or
more

Data on Occupational Illnesses and
Injuries in the Philippines
Type of Disease Number Percent
Total 43,235 100.0
Work-related musculoskeletal 13,296 31.0
diseases
Bronchial asthma 8,759 20.0
Infections 6,517 15.0
Essential hypertension 6,152 14.0
Occupational dermatitis 5,965 14.0
Peptic ulcers 4,135 10.0
2007/2008 BLES Integrated Survey (BITS) Non-agricultural establishments employing 20 or more workers

Occupational Safety and Health
Center (OSHC)
• Database of Employees Compensation
Claims
• Review and analysis of EC claims filed with the
social security system

Top Work-Related Disorders
(Reference Period: 1997 – 2000, SSS)
YEAR FILED
DISEASES Total Rank
1997 1998 1999 2000
Diseases of the genito- urinary system 110 111 23 13 257 1
Diseases of the circulatory 72 123 13 14 222 2

Infectious and Parasitic Diseases 66 85 16 11 178 3
Diseases of the skin 58 54 18 13 143 4
Diseases of the musculoskeletal
45 63 5 2 115 5
system
Disease of the Eye 18 19 6 1 44 6
Diseases of the respiratory 11 24 3 3 41 7
Diseases of the nervous system 9 8 3 - 20 8
Symptoms, signs, not classified 1 8 1 2 12 9
Diseases of the digestive system 3 6 - - 9 10
TOTAL 400 515 91 64 1070

Occupational Safety and Health
Center (OSHC)
• Surveillance of Occupational Illnesses and
Injuries in the National Capital Region
(NCR)
• Survey of Occupational and Work-related Illnesses
in Establishments with Company Physicians
affiliated with PCOM

Surveillance of Occupational
Illnesses and Injuries in NCR
No. of Reporting Estab with
DISEASES Occurrence of Disease
Low back pain 32 (97%)
Hypertension 30 (91%)
Allergic dermatitis 16 (48%)
Neck/Shoulder Pain 13 (39%)
Other kidney disease* 9 (27%)
Other lung disease 9 (27%)
Carpal tunnel syndrome 8 (24%)
Anemia 7 (21%)
Hand-wrist tenosynovitis 5 (15%)
Other due to physical hazards** 1 (3%)
• Survey of Company Physicians affiliated with PCOM, 2005

Occupational Health
Hazards

Workplace Hazards
Safety Hazards Health Hazards
• working conditions where
harm to the workers is of • working conditions which
an immediate and violent result in an illness
nature
• result in broken bones,
• exposure to dangerous
cuts, bruises, sprains, loss
substances or conditions,
of limbs, etc.
such as chemicals, gases,
• the harm results in some dusts, noise etc.
kind of injury to the worker
• associated with poorly
• often, latency between
guarded or dangerous
exposure and disease
equipment and machinery

Hazard and Risk
• A hazard is any source of potential damage,
harm or adverse health effects on something or
someone under certain conditions at work
• Risk is the chance or probability that a person

will be harmed or experience an adverse health
effect if exposed to a hazard.

Occupational Health Hazards
Chemical Physical
hazards hazards
Ergonomic Biological
stresses hazards

Factors that Determine Disease
Development
Workplace factors
+
Workers’ susceptibility
___________________________________

Health Hazards: Workplace Factors
• Physical properties
• Frequency of exposure
• Duration of exposure
• Magnitude of exposure
• Timing of exposure
• Multiplicity of exposure

Health Hazards: Workers’
Susceptibility
• Age
• Gender
• Genes
• Race
• Personal Hygiene
• Health Habits (Smoking, alcohol, drugs)
• Medical History
CHEMICAL HAZARDS

Routes of Entry into the Body
Inhalation
(major route)
Ingestion
Skin Contact

Classification of Toxic Effects

General Classification of
Toxic Effects
• Local toxicity: Occurs at the site of
chemical contact
– Irritation of skin, eyes, upper respiratory tract,
lungs
• Systemic toxicity: Distant site from point
of contact, may involve many organ
systems
– Most chemicals produce systemic toxicity

Toxicity
Acute vs Chronic
Chronic
Acute • represents cumulative damage to
• occurs almost immediately specific organ systems
(hours/days) after an exposure • many months or years to have
recognizable clinical disease.
Skin Absorption Inhalation

Absorption of phenol through the Consumption of lead causing
skin creating a chemical burn damage to the kidneys
Inhalation Inhalation
Inhalation of formaldehyde causing Inhalation of asbestos causing
irritation to mucus membranes cancer to the lungs

Occupational Kidney Diseases
Causative Agents Industry Diseases
Mercury, Lead Battery., Chronic renal failure,

Cadmium Chemical Ind, Renal stones
Battery Mfg. (Cadmium)
Nephrotic Syndrome
(Mercury)
Chloroform, Solvents, chemical Acute renal

Carbon tetrachloride industries failure
Ethylene glycol Solvents, cosmetics

Carbon disulfide Solvent, pesticide Chronic renal failure

Respiratory Toxicity
• pulmonary irritation
• asthma/bronchitis
• reactive airway disease
• emphysema
• allergic alveolitis
• fibrotic lung disease
• pneumoconiosis
• lung cancer
Dermal Toxicity
• dermal irritation due to skin exposure to
gasoline
• dermal corrosion due to skin exposure to
sodium hydroxide (lye)
• dermal hypersensitivity due to skin
exposure to poison ivy
• skin cancer due to ingestion of arsenic or
skin exposure to UV light
Occupational Hematologic
(Blood) Diseases
Causative Agents Industry/Process Disease
Lead Battery manufacturing Anemia

Lead Smelting
Benzene Solvent Aplastic

Soap manufacturing anemia
Arsine gas Chemical industries Destruction of

red blood
cells

Occupational Heart Diseases
Lead, Cadmium (?) Battery mfg. Hypertension

Recycling
Carbon disulfide Degreasing, Dry Atherosclerosis

Cleaning
Fluorocarbons Refrigeration, Abnormal heart

Trichloroethylene solvent workers rhythm
Nitrates Explosives Angina, heart attack

Occupational Liver Diseases
Carbon Cleaning fluids, Acute liver

tetrachloride Dry cleaners toxicity
Arsenic Smelting, Insecticides Cirrhosis

Chlorinated Chemical industry
hydrocarbons
Epoxy resins Rubber, synthetic Acute

fabric manufacturing hepatitis
Vinyl chloride Plastics, Vinyl chloride Liver Cancer

monomer manufacturing

Eye Toxicity
• acids and strong alkalis may cause severe
corneal corrosion
• methanol (wood alcohol) may damage the

optic nerve

Neurotoxicity
• neuronopathies (neuron injury)
– Organic mercury
• axonopathies (axon injury)
– Inorganic lead
– n-hexane
• demyelination (loss of axon insulation)
– Tricholoroethylene
• interference with neurotransmission
– Organophosphates

Immunotoxicity
• Hypersensitivity
– allergy and autoimmunity
• Immunodeficiency, and uncontrolled
proliferation
– Leukemia (benzene)

Reproductive Toxicity
• decreased libido and impotence
• infertility
• interrupted pregnancy (abortion, fetal death, or
premature delivery)
• infant death or childhood morbidity
• altered sex ratio and multiple births
• chromosome abnormalities and birth defects
• childhood cancer

PHYSICAL HAZARDS

Physical Hazards
• Noise
• Extremes of Temperature
• Inadequate Illumination
• Vibration
• Radiation
– Ionizing
– Non-ionizing

NOISE

Hearing Damage from Noise
:
Exposure
• Acute: from loud noise such as blasts
– (140-160 dB damages the eardrum)
• Chronic: Due to long-term exposure to

hazardous noise levels
• Major risk Factor: Prolonged exposure to

unprotected levels of noise (> 85 dB)
Noise-induced Hearing Loss
• Permanent hearing loss when exposed to
more than 85 dB(A) of noise for an
extended period
• Lowered work efficiency from added

stress and fatigue

Types of Noise-Induced Hearing
Loss
• Temporary threshold shift (auditory fatigue)
– temporary loss of hearing acuity after exposure to
loud noise
– recovery within 16-48 hrs.
• Permanent threshold shift

– irreversible loss of hearing
– difficulty in understanding spoken words
– familiar sounds are muffled
– frequent tinnitus

Actions to Prevent Noise-induced
Hearing Loss
• Periodic hearing tests should be
carried out

Harmful Effects of Noise
– Hearing Damage
– Interfere with work performance
– Disturbs relaxation and sleep
– Hypertension
– Hyperacidity
– Palpitations
– Stress-related disorders

Early Signs of Hearing Loss
• Difficulty in understanding spoken words in a
noisy environment
• Need to be near or look at the person speaking

to help understand words
• Familiar sounds are muffled
• Complaints that people do not speak clearly
• Ringing noises in the ears (tinnitus)

VIBRATION

Vibration
• Definition
• Physical factor which affects man by
transmission of mechanical energy from
oscillating sources
• Types
• Whole body vibration
• Segmental vibration.
Segmental Vibration: Health
Effects
– Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome (HAVS)
– (secondary Raynaud’s Syndrome)
– tingling, numbness, blanching of fingers
– pain

Whole Body Vibration: Health
Effects
(heavy equipment operators, bus/truck drivers)
–degenerative spinal changes
–gastrointestinal disturbances
–muscular and joint disorders

ILLUMINATION

Inappropriate Illumination
• Usual Complaints
– Visual Fatigue
– Double Vision
– Headaches
– Painful irritation,
– Lacrimation,
Conjunctivitis

Occupational Effects of Visual
Fatigue
– Loss of productivity
– Increased Accident Rate
– More Mistakes
– Lowering of Quality
– Visual Complaints

Recommended Illumination
Levels
Area of Operation Min Lighting Level (lux)
Cutting Cloth  2000
Fine machining
Transcribing handwriting 1000
Drafting
Welding 500
First Aid station
Lunch Room 300
Rest Room

HEAT

Disorders Related to Heat Stress
DISORDERS CAUSES MAIN CLINICAL TREATMENT PROGNOSIS
FEATURES
Miliaria rubra Malfunction of Pruritic rash Symptomatic Good

sweat glands
Heat cramps Loss of water and Cramps in limbs Rest, fluids with Complete recovery
electrolytes added salt
Heat exhaustion Physical exertion, Dizziness, blurring of Rest, cooling in Complete recovery
loss of water & vision with cold and well-ventilated usual
electrolytes clammy skin surroundings
Heat stroke Failure of Convulsions, muscle Stripping down High mortality;

temperature twitch, delirium with and vigorous Sequelae: poor
control center in hot and dry skin; cooling with ice memory &
brain Temp > 41°C baths concentration,
headache

RADIATION

Radiation: Non-Ionizing & Ionizing
Radiation Sources Effects
Non-Ionizing
Ultraviolet Sunlight, Arc flash erythema, skin
Welding cancer, sunburn
Microwaves Radar, Ovens Can interfere with

pacemaker & medical
devices
Infrared Glass Blowing, Cataracts
Furnaces
Ionizing X-rays, Gamma Cancer, congenital
Radiation rays defects, death

Biological Hazards

Biologic Hazards
– Anything of biological nature
– Has potential to cause harm to humans
– Viruses, bacteria, fungi, parasites

HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS (HIV)
and
ACQUIRED IMMUNE DEFICIENCY

SYNDROME (AIDS)

What’s the difference between HIV
and AIDS?
• HIV is the virus which causes AIDS.
• AIDS is a serious and usually fatal

condition in which the body’s immune
system is severely weakened and cannot
fight off infection.

HIV & AIDS:
The Philippine Scenario
Reported Mode of Feb. Jan-Feb Cumulative Data:
Transmission 2011 2011 1984—2011
n=159 n=311 N=6,326
Sexual Contact 155 306 5,712
Heterosexual contact 33 (21%) 61(20%) 2,546 (45%)
Homosexual contact 70 (45%) 144 (47%) 1,993 (35%)
Bisexual contact 52 (34%) 101 (33%) 1,173 (21%)
Blood / Blood Products 1 1 20
Injecting Drug Use 0 0 155
Needle Prick Injury 0 0 3
Mother-to-Child 0 0 52
No data available 3 4 384
Source: HIV / AIDS Registry, Department of Health, Philippines * Note: No data available on sex for eleven (11) cases.

Infectious quantities of HIV in:
• Blood
• Semen
• Vaginal fluids
• Breast milk

HIV can enter the bloodstream:
• During unprotected sex
• Through transfusions of
contaminated blood or
blood products
• Puncturing of the skin by

needle or sharps infected
with HIV
• From an HIV positive
mother to her baby
HIV is NOT transmitted…
• through casual contact in any setting–

schools, homes, hospitals
• through insect, food, water, clothes, toilets,

swimming pools, and drinking and eating
utensils

Prevention of HIV Infection
REMEMBER!
• Abstinence
• Be Faithful
• Condom
• Do not inject Drugs/ no sharing of needles
• Education

TETANUS
• A neurological disorder characterized by
increased muscle tone and spasms, that is
caused by tetanospasmin, a protein toxin
elaborated by the organism Clostridium
tetani.
• It arises from the contamination of wounds

with Clostridium spores.

Tetanus
• Clinical Manifestations
– Increased tone in the masseter muscle
(lockjaw)
– Sustained contraction of the facial muscles
(risus sardonicus) and back muscles
(opisthotonus)
• Prevention
– Active immunization with tetanus toxoid
– Careful wound management
TUBERCULOSIS
• caused by the bacteria, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis
• caused by droplet nuclei released when
sneezing and coughing
• Symptoms: weight loss, low grade
afternoon fever, persistent cough and
sometimes, blood-streaked
expectoration or hemoptysis

Ten Leading Causes of Death by Sex
Number, Rate/100,000 Population & Percentage,
Philippines, 2004
Both Sexes
Cause Male Female
No. Rate Percent*
1. Heart Diseases 40,361 30,500 70,861 84.8 17.6
2. Vascular System Diseases 28,930 22,750 51,680 61.8 12.8
3. Malignant Neoplasm 21,395 19,129 40,524 48.5 10.1
4. Accidents** 28,041 6,442 34,483 41.3 8.6
5. Pneumonia 15,822 16,276 32,098 38.4 8.0
6. Tuberculosis, all forms 17,841 8,029 25,870 31.0 6.4
7. Ill-defined and unknown causes of
10,941 10,362 21,278 25.5 5.3
mortality
8. Chronic lower respiratory diseases 13,084 5,891 18,975 22.7 4.7
9. Diabetes Mellitus 7,970 8,582 16,552 19.8 4.1
10. Certain conditions from perinatal
7,809 5,371 13,180 15.8 3.6
period
Source: 2004 Philippine Health Statistics, Last Update: February 11, 2008
* percent share from total deaths, all causes, Philippines ** External Causes of Mortality

DOTS Strategy…the Solution!
Directly Observed Therapy Short
(DOTS) Course
With DOTS
90% CURE RATE

ERGONOMICS
“Fitting the job to the worker”

ERGONOMICS
• Goal
– to reduce work-related musculoskeletal
disorders (MSDs) developed by workers
• MSDs are injuries and illnesses that affect

muscles, nerves, tendons, ligaments, joints
or spinal discs.

ERGONOMICS
Common Symptoms of MSDs

Painful joints

Pain, tingling, numbness in hands, wrists, forearms, shoulders, knees and feet

Shooting or stubbing pains

Swelling or inflammation

Fingers or toes turning white

Back or neck pain

Stiffness

Less strength for gripping or hand grasping

Less range of motion

Loss of muscle function

Inability to do everyday tasks.

ERGONOMICS
• Risks Factors
– Heavy lifting
– Twisting at the waist
– Reaching and Lifting
– Working in odd and uncomfortable positions
– Sitting or standing too long in one position
– Repetitive movements

Occupational Factors Non-Occupational
Factors
Lifting Age
Pushing/pulling Severe postural
deformities
Prolonged sitting Smoking
Whole body vibration Sports (golf, bowling,
jogging, etc.)
Work dissatisfaction Hypochondriasis

Medical Surveillance
•Identify cases
•Analyze Trends and Patterns in the

Workforce to Guide Prevention Efforts
•Meet Regulatory Requirements

MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
• Know the hazard - How worker is exposed
- How worker is affected
• Characterize the hazard - Exposure levels

- Exposure duration
• Know the worker - Susceptibilities
• Obtain information on - Directed towards affected appropriate

medical organ system
examinations
• Analyze medical data - Disease, recovery, rehabilitation

- Effectiveness or failure of control measures

Medical Surveillance
• Entrance (Baseline) Examinations
– Can They do the Job?
– Do They Have Medical Conditions?
– Do They Need Accommodation?
• Periodic Screening (Specific, Job Related)
• Fitness for Duty (Specific Cause)
• Exit Examination

Standards, Policies and
Guidelines
Occupational Safety and Health Standards
– Rule 1050
• Notification and Keeping of Records of Accidents
and/or Occupational illnesses
– Rule 1070
• Occupational Health and Environmental Control
– Rule 1960
• Occupational Health Services
Rule 1960: Occupational Health
Services
1961: General Provisions
1. Every employer shall establish in his place of
employment occupational health services in
accordance with the regulation and guidelines
provided for under this rule.
2. The employer, workers, and their

representatives, where they exist, shall
cooperate and participate in the implementation
of the organizational and other measures
relating to occupational health services.
Services
1963: Emergency Health Services
1963.01: Medicines and Facilities
1963.02: Emergency Medical and Dental Services

Services
• Health Programs shall include:
• Entrance
• Periodic
• Special examination
• Transfer examination
• Separation examination

P.D. 626 Employees
Compensation and State
Insurance Fund
• Prescribed Minimum Standards for Periodic Medical
Examinations Designed for the Early Detection of
Occupational Diseases:
• Exposure to occupational hazards enumerated in the “list

of Occupational Diseases” is a requirement to undergo:
• Periodic medical examinations :

– < than 3 mos. - exposure to: Benzene or its homologues, Ionizing
Radiation and Organophosphates
– > than 3 months: Lead, Mercury, Manganese, Chromium and
Carbon disulfide

P.D. 626 Employees
Compensation and State
Insurance Fund
• For diseases not listed above: periodic
examinations not exceeding one year
• Specific examinations depending on exposure
(examples):
– Audiometric exam with exposure to noise
– Examination of Urine and urinary bladder: alpha
naphthylamine, benzidine
– Examination of the skin: irritants and sensitizers
– Examination of the eyes and respiratory tract: chlorine
and sulfur dioxide

Health Promotion
• Drug Abuse Prevention and Control
– RA 9165 Comprehensive Drugs Act of 2002
– Department Order No. 53-03: Guidelines for the
Implementation of a Drug-Free Workplace Policy and
Program for the Private Sector
• Tuberculosis Prevention and Control

– Executive Order No. 187, Instituting a Comprehensive
and Unified Policy for Tuberculosis Control in the
Philippines (CUP) (March 2003)
– Department Order No. 73-05: Guidelines for the
Implementation of Policy and Program on
Tuberculosis (TB) Prevention and Control in the
Workplace
Health Promotion
• HIV and AIDS Prevention and Control
– RA 8504 Philippine AIDS Prevention and Control Act of
1998
– National Workplace Policy on STD/HIV/AIDS initiated
by DOLE – 1997
– Department Order 102-10: Guidelines for the
Implementation of HIV and AIDS Prevention and
Control in the Workplace
• Hepatitis B Prevention and Control

– Department Advisory No. 05: Guidelines for the
Implementation of Workplace Policy and Program on
Hepatitis B

DEPARTMENT ORDER NO. 56-03
RATIONALIZING THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE FAMILY
WELFARE PROGRAM (FWP) IN DOLE
SECTION 2. New Priorities of the Family Welfare Program

a) Reproductive Health and Responsible Parenthood
b) Education/Gender Equality
c) Spirituality or Value Formation
d) Income Generation/Livelihood/Cooperative
e) Medical Health Care
f) Nutrition
g) Environmental Protection, Hygiene and Sanitation
h) Sports and Leisure
i) Housing
j) Transportation

RA 9211: TOBACCO REGULATION
ACT OF 2003
• Sec. 6. Designated Smoking And Non-Smoking Areas
– In all enclosed places that are open to the general public,
private workplaces, and other places not covered under
the preceding section, where smoking may expose a
person to the other than the smoker to tobacco smoke, the
owner, proprietor, possessor, manager or administrator of
such places shall establish smoking areas.
– Such areas may include a designated smoking area within

the building, which may be in an open space or separate
area with proper ventilation, but shall not be located within
the same room that has been designated as a non-
smoking area.
RA 9211: TOBACCO REGULATION
ACT OF 2003
• Sec. 6. Designated Smoking And Non-Smoking
Areas
– All designated smoking areas shall have at least one
(1) legible and visible sign posted, namely "SMOKING
AREA" for the Information and guidance of all
concerned.
– In addition, the sign posted shall include a warning
about the health effects of direct or secondhand
exposure to tobacco smoke.
– Non-smoking areas shall likewise have at least one
(1) legible and visible sign, namely: "NO SMOKING
AREA" or "NO SMOKING".

SUMMARY
– Exposure to workplace hazards may have ill-effects to the
workers’ health
– Medical surveillance is a monitoring system that should lead

to prevention
– Company policies, programs and services are important to

protect and monitor workers’ health.
– Workers have roles in the promotion of their own health by

following company policies on safety and health, participating
in the implementation of programs and through lifestyle
modification.


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Occupational Health

Department of Labor and Employment

– Discuss and explain common hazards in the

– Describe the role of medical surveillance in preventing

– Identify ways to protect one’s self from health hazards

Department of Labor and Employment

• Prevention among its workers of departures from health

• Protection of workers in their employment from risks

• Placing & maintenance of the worker in an occupational

Department of Labor and Employment

– Work-related accidents: 270 million/year

– Work-related illnesses: 160 million/year

Deaths: 2.2 million/year

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Ergonomics Prolonged standing

Department of Labor and Employment

n = 1,048 n = 2,068 n = 1,929 n = 3,028 n = 2,097

Department of Labor and Employment

Bureau of Labor and Employment Statistics

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Diseases of the genito- urinary system 110 111 23 13 257 1

Diseases of the circulatory 72 123 13 14 222 2

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Other due to physical hazards** 1 (3%)

• Survey of Company Physicians affiliated with PCOM, 2005

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

• Risk is the chance or probability that a person

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Skin Absorption Inhalation

Department of Labor and Employment

Mercury, Lead Battery., Chronic renal failure,

Chloroform, Solvents, chemical Acute renal

Ethylene glycol Solvents, cosmetics

Department of Labor and Employment

Lead Battery manufacturing Anemia

Benzene Solvent Aplastic

Arsine gas Chemical industries Destruction of

Department of Labor and Employment

Lead, Cadmium (?) Battery mfg. Hypertension

Carbon disulfide Degreasing, Dry Atherosclerosis

Fluorocarbons Refrigeration, Abnormal heart

Nitrates Explosives Angina, heart attack

Department of Labor and Employment

Carbon Cleaning fluids, Acute liver

Arsenic Smelting, Insecticides Cirrhosis

Epoxy resins Rubber, synthetic Acute

Vinyl chloride Plastics, Vinyl chloride Liver Cancer

Department of Labor and Employment