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DC-DC Converters
DC-DC Converters
DC-DC CONVERTERS
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Step Down Converter
t1
k t1 f s
Ts
Vo ( average ) kVS Vo ( rms ) k VS
VS VS R
R
I o ( average ) kVS / R k
Vr
vr t
T
Vcr
k
Vr
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Step Down Operation with RL Load
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Step Down Operation with RL Load
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Modes of Operation
di1
VS Ri1 L E
dt
For i1 (t 0) I1
VS E
i1 (t ) I1e tR / L
R
1 e tR / L
i1 (t t1 kT ) I 2
di
0 Ri2 L 2 E
dt
For i2 (t 0) I 2
E
i2 (t ) I 2e tR / L
1 e tR / L
R
i2 (t t2 (1 k )T ) I 3 I 3 I1
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Modes of Operation
VS E
At t kT I 2 I1e kTR / L
R
1 e kTR / L
E TR T
At t (1 k )T I 3 I1 I 2e (1 k )TR / L
1 e (1 k ) kTR / L
z
R L
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Discontinuous Operation
I1 0 L RI 2
VS E t2 ln 1
i1 (t )
R
1 e tR / L R E
L VS E
i1 (t t1 kT ) I 2
VS E
ln 1
R E
1 e kz
At t kT I2
R
1 e kz
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Step-Up Operation
di1 VS
VS L i1 (t ) t I1
dt L
di
For 1 0 VS 0
dt
di2 VS E
VS L E i2 (t ) t I2
dt L
di2
For 0 VS E
dt
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Step-Up Operation
di1 VS
VS L i1 (t ) t I1
dt L
VS
I 2 i1 (t kT ) kT I1
L
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Converter Classifications
•1 st
Quadrant converter
• 2nd Quadrant converter
• 1st and 2nd quadrant
• 3rd and 4th quadrant
• Four-quadrant
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1st Quadrant Converter
• Both the voltage and the current are positive
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2nd Quadrant Converter
•The voltage is positive and the current is negative
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2 Quadrant Converter
nd
diL
0L RiL E
dt
E
iL (t ) I1e tR / L
1 etR / L
R
At t t1 kT iL (t t1 kT ) I 2
diL
VS RiL L E
dt
V E
iL (t ) I 2 e tR / L S
R
1 e tR / L
At t t2 (1 k )T iL (t t 2 (1 k )T ) I1
VS 1 e (1 k ) z E VS e kz e z E
I1 z
I2 z
R 1 e R R 1 e R
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1 and 2 Quadrant Converter
st nd
• S1 and D4
• S4 and D1
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3 and 4 Quadrant Converter
rd th
• S3 and D2
• S2 and D3
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Four Quadrant Converter
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Switching Mode Regulators
• Buck Regulator
• Boost Regulator
• Buck-Boost Regulator
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Buck Regulator
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21
Buck Regulator
Va kVS I S kI a
VS k (1 k )
I
fL
I VS k (1 k )
VC
8 fC 8 f 2CL
• The critical values for a continuous inductor current and
capacitor voltage
(1 k ) R
Lc L
2f
1 k
Cc C
16 Lf 2
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Boost Regulator
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Boost Regulator
VS Ia VS k
Va IS I
1 k 1 k fL
I a Va VS I a k
VC
Va fC fC
k 1 k R
Lc L
2f
k
Cc C
2 fR
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Buck-Boost Regulator
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Buck-Boost Regulator
kVS kI a VS k
Va IS I
1 k 1 k fL
I a Va I k
VC a
(Va VS ) fC fC
k 1 k R
Lc L
2f
k
Cc C
2 fR
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Cuk Regulator
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27
Cuk Regulator
kVS kI a
Va IS
1 k 1 k
VS k VS k
I1 I 2
fL1 fL2
I S VS IS 1 k
VC1
(VS Va ) fC1 fC1
Va (1 k ) kVS
VC 2 2
8C2 L2 f 8C2 L2 f 2
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Cuk Regulator
•The critical values for a continuous inductor
current and capacitor voltage
1 k
2
R
Lc1 L1
2kf
Lc 2 L2
1 k R
2f
k
Cc1 C1
2 fR
1
Cc 2 C2
8 fR
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Rectified Fed Converter
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Input Filter
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31
Summary
• A dc-dc can convert a fixed dc voltage to a
variable dc voltage.
• A four-quadrant converter allows power flow
to and from load.
• Switching mode converter can produce output
voltage higher and lower than the input voltage.
• The rectifier fed boost converter is commonly
used for unity power factor correction (UPFC).
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