DEFINITION OF

RESEARCH
 RESEARCH

can be defined as the search for

knowledge, or as any systematic
investigation, with an open mind, to
establish novel facts, usually using
a scientific method.
 ETYMOLOGY

The word research is derived from

the French recherche,
from rechercher, to search closely
where "chercher" means "to look
for or to search".
RESEARCH PROCESSES
 Scientific Research

relies on the application of the scientific

method, a harnessing of curiosity. This
research provides scientific information
and theories for the explanation of
the nature and the properties of the world
around us.
 Artistic Research
also seen as 'practice-based research', can
take form when creative works are
considered both the research and the
object of research itself. It is the debatable
body of thought which offers an alternative
to purely scientific methods in research in
its search for knowledge and truth.
 Historical Research
comprises the techniques and
guidelines by which historians
use historical sources and other
evidence to research and then to
write history.
 RESEARCH METHODS

• Exploratory research
• Constructive research
• Empirical research
• Primary research
• Secondary research
• Qualitative research
• Quantitative research
 Style, Layout, and Page
Formatting
• TITLE PAGE
• PAGE LAYOUT
• PAGE NUMBERING
• SPACING AND JUSTIFICATION
• FONT FACE AND SIZE
ABSTRACT
A research paper abstract is basically a recap
of the content of a research paper.

An abstract is a concise single paragraph

summary of completed work or work in
progress.

An abstract is a brief summary of a research

article, thesis, review, conference proceeding or
any in-depth analysis of a particular subject or
discipline, and is often used to help the reader
quickly ascertain the paper's purpose.
 An abstract should briefly:
• Re-establish the topic of the research.
• Give the research problem and/or main
objective of the research (this usually
comes first).
• Indicate the methodology used.
• Present the main findings.
• Present the main conclusions
 Structure
•An academic abstract typically outlines four
elements germane to the completed work:
•The research focus (i.e. statement of the
problem(s)/research issue(s) addressed);
•The research methods used (experimental
research, case studies, questionnaires, etc.);
•The results/findings of the research; and
•The main conclusions and recommendations
•Purpose of the study - hypothesis, overall
question, objective
•Model organism or system and brief
description of the experiment
•Results, including specific data - if the results
are quantitative in nature, report quantitative
data;
•results of any statistical analysis should be
reported
•Important conclusions or questions that follow
from the experiment(s)
 Style
•Single paragraph, and concise
•As a summary of work done, it is always written in past
tense
•An abstract should stand on its own, and not refer to any
other part of the paper such as a figure or table
•Focus on summarizing results - limit background
information to a sentence or two, if absolutely necessary
•What you report in an abstract must be consistent with what
you reported in the paper
•Corrrect spelling, clarity of sentences and phrases, and
proper reporting of quantities (proper units, significant
figures) are just as important in an abstract as they are
anywhere else
The main purpose of a thesis abstract is
to give readers general information about
the whole paper and research
conducted.

Here are some basic tips on effective

thesis abstract writing.
 Parts of an Abstract
•Motivation
•Problem statement
•Approach
•Results
•Conclusions
 Ten Steps to Writing an
Effective Abstract
 
1.Identify the major objectives and conclusions.
2.Identify phrases with keywords in the methods section.
3.Identify the major results from the discussion or results section.
4.Assemble the above information into a single paragraph.
5.State your hypothesis or method used in the first sentence.
6.Omit background information, literature review, and detailed
description of methods.
7.Remove extra words and phrases.
8.Revise the paragraph so that the abstract conveys only the
essential information.
9.Check to see if it meets the guidelines of the targeted journal.
10.Give the abstract to a colleague (preferably one who is not
familiar with your work) and ask him/her whether it makes sense.
 COMMON PROBLEMS
• Too long.
•Too much detail
•Too short.
•Failure to include important information
INTRODUCTION
The introduction announces the paper’s
topic, presents the thesis statement, and
engages the reader’s interest in what the
paper will say.
TIPS FOR HOW TO WRITE
AN INTRODUCTION

• Keep it short
• Define a problem
• Organization
 BACKGROUND
Like in any good Hollywood movie, the first task
of the introduction is to set the scene, giving your
paper a context and seeing how it fits in with
previous research in the field.
Whilst not the only way, this section, comprising
the first paragraphs of your introduction, can be
based around a historical narrative, from the very
first research in the field to the current day.
In many fields, this could make up an entire essay
itself, so you have to stick to relevant information.
 IMPORTANCE
This leads into the rationale behind the research,
revealing whether it is building upon previous
research, looking at something that everybody
else has overlooked, or improving upon a
previous research project that delivered unclear
results.
This section can then flow into how you are
going to fill the gap, laying out your objectives
and methodology. You are trying to predict what
impact your research will have if everything
works as it should, and you ultimately reject the
null hypothesis.
 LIMITATIONS
The introduction is the place to highlight any
weakness in the experiment from the start.
For example, an ideal experiment should have
perfectly randomized samples, but there are
many good reasons why it is not always
possible. As long as you warn the reader about
this, so that they are aware of the shortcomings,
then they can easily judge the validity of the
research.
This is much better than making them wait until
you point it out in the discussion.
 ASSUMPTIONS
You should also point out any assumptions that
you make about conditions during the research.
You should set out your basic principles before
embarking upon the experiment: any research
will be built around some assumptions.
For example, if you were performing educational
research, you may assume that all students at
the same school are from a very similar socio-
economic background, with randomization
smoothing out any variables.
STATEMENT OF THE
PROBLEM
A problem statement is a concise
description of the issues that need to be
addressed by a problem solving team and
should be presented to them (or created
by them) before they try to solve the
problem.

.            
 It should be very specific in nature.

It might begin with the words, "The

problem of the study is...." or "This study
will address the problem of..."

The general problem must be reflective

of the title.

It should be stated in such a way that it is

not answerable by yes or no.
 The 5 'W's can be used to spark the
discussion about the problem.

It should persuasively indicate that major

variables can be measured in some
meaningful way.

A problem statement is a logical argument

with structure, sequence, substance and
rationale.
HYPOTHESIS
 A hypothesis is a suggested
solution to a problem. It consists
of elements expressed in an
orderly system of relationships
which seeks to explain condition
the has not been verified by facts.
It I the most specific statement of
a problem.
 A Good Hypothesis has
Several Basic Characteristics
•It should be reasonable because it has a

valid basis.
•It should be consistent with known fact or
theories.
•It should be testable in that with the use of
statistical tools, it would be known whether
there is a relationship or difference between
two or more variables, or whether a variable
has an influence or effect on another
 TYPES OF
HYPOTHESIS
 The NULL HYPOTHESIS
means that there is no
existence of an effect, an
interaction, of relationship, or
of difference.
The ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS
is considered operational
statement of the research
hypothesis. Tentatively it affirms
the existence of a relationship
between the variables being
studied or that there is a
significant, difference, for example,
between subjects being studied.
DEFINITION OF
TERMS
•Definition of Terms is usually an annex to a work
(book, research paper, pamphlet, etc.) either at
the beginning or more likely near the end with a
list of acronyms, jargon, credits, etc.
•A list of words found in the paper, book, or work
that may need a further explanation to understand
what that word means rather than giving a
definition within the work.
•Medical personnel use medical jargon but a
layperson may not know what the term means,
and can easily look it up for clarification
TWO TYPES OF DEFINITION

•Conceptual
•Operational
SIGNIFICANCE OF
THE STUDY
Significance of the study in thesis is the
part where you tell how your study would
be beneficial to specific people or parts of
the society and how they could use it. 
In the thesis, the significance of the
study is that when we are going to tell
something with regarding with our
proposed project.
 
It tells people how your research can
be applied to benefit both the
participants of the study and other
people at large.
The significance of the study brings out
the value of the study; the relevance of
the results; for whom the results will be
relevant; what is already known about
your research problem; what has not
been adequately answered; how will your
research add to knowledge/ practice/
policy; how will it be useful for policy
makers.
 SCOPE AND
DELIMITATIONS
•Scope of study-a general outline of what
the study will cover.
•Delimitate - specify: determine the essential
quality of (delimitate - demarcate: set, mark,
or draw the boundaries of something)

The scope and delimitations are what

your study is going to tackle and what your
study is only going to tackle.
•Sample phrases that help express the scope of the study:

The coverage of this study……….

The study consists of ……..
The study covers the ……….
This study is focus on……..

•Sample phrases that help express the scope of the study:

The coverage of this study……….

The study consists of ……..
The study covers the ……….
This study is focus on……..
THANKS! ;)