CLARIFICATION

“Clarification is a term used to describe processes that

involve in the removal or separation of a solid from a
fluid , or a fluid from another fluid(liquid and gasses).”
OR

“The term clarification is applied when the solids do not

exceed 1.0% and filtrate is the primary product.”
 Clarification can achieved by either filtration or
centrifugation or sublimation.
 The theories of clarification

Two aspects of clarification theory must be considered.

 The first describes the flow of fluids through porous

media .

 The second which is of primary importance only in

clarification ,examines the retention of particles in a
depth filter .
 1.Flow of fluids through porous media
The concept of a channel with a hydraulic diameter equivalent to
the complex interstitial network that exists in a powder bed leads
to the equation .

Q=volumetric flow rate

A=area of the bed
L=the thickness of the bed
P=the pressure difference across the bed
n=the viscosity of the fluid
K=permeability co-efficient
2.The Retention of Particles in a Depth filter

 Theoretical studies of particle retention have been

restricted to granular media of a type used in the
purification of municipal water.
 The aim is to predict the variation of filtrate quality
with influent quality or time and then estimate the
effect of removed solids on the permeability of the
bed .
 Such studies have some bearing on the use of
granular, sintered, or fibrous beds used for clarifying
pharmaceuticals.
 The efficiency of a filter decreases as the flow rate
increases and the efficiency increases as the
density or size of the influent particles increases
and decreases as the particle size in the bed dec.
Mathematically expressed ,
DC = KC
dx
C= concentration of the particles
dx= element of depth
K= clarifying coefficient
 REFERENCE

book…
1. LACHMAN LEON, The theory and Practice
of industrial pharmacy , 3rd Edition , pg:146
2. AULTON M.E , Pharmaceutics The Science
of Dosage Form Design , 2nd Edition , pg:323
3. J.HICKEY ANTHONY , Pharmaceutical Process
Engineering , 2nd Edition , pg:118,120