Lesson 1-Introduction To Redox Reactions: Redox Chemistry and Electrochemistry

Redox Chemistry and Electrochemistry
Lesson 1- Introduction to Redox Reactions
• Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen

loss/gain
• Define redox in terms of electron transfer.
• Construct redox half equations
• Assign Oxidation States
1 of 50 © Boardworks Ltd 2007

What is a redox reaction?
Oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substance and
reduction is the removal of oxygen from a substance.
Which substances are oxidized and reduced in this reaction?
oxygen removed
reduction
lead carbon
oxide + carbon  lead + monoxide
oxygen added
oxidation
Reduction and oxidation always take place together.
Why is this type of reaction called a redox reaction?
redox = reduction and oxidation

Redox reactants – oxidized or
reduced?

Redox and electrons
Magnesium burns in oxygen
to form magnesium oxide.
It is obvious that the
magnesium has been
oxidized, but what has
happened to the oxygen?
A redox reaction can also
be explained in terms of the
gain or loss of electrons.
What happens to the atoms and electrons in this reaction?
magnesium + oxygen  magnesium oxide
2Mg(s) + O2(g)  2MgO(s)

Oxidation and electron loss
When magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide,
what happens to magnesium and its electrons?
oxidized
(electrons lost)
Mg + O  Mg2+ O2-
 The magnesium has been oxidized.

 The Mg atom has lost 2 electrons to form a Mg2+ ion.
Oxidation is the loss of electrons.

Reduction and electron gain
When magnesium burns in oxygen to form magnesium oxide,
what happens to oxygen and its electrons?
reduced
(electrons gained)
Mg + O  Mg2+ O2-
 The oxygen has been reduced.

 The O atom has gained 2 electrons to form a O2- ion.
Reduction is the gain of electrons.

Redox and OILRIG
An easy way to remember what happens to the electrons
during oxidation and reduction is to think… OILRIG!

Using OILRIG
What does OILRIG stand for in terms of redox reactions?
Oxidation
Is
Loss of electrons
Reduction
Is
Gain of electrons

What is a half-equation?
Redox reactions involve the transfer of electrons.
Equations written to show what happens to the electrons
during oxidation and reduction are called half-equations.
What are the half-equations for the oxidation and reduction

processes in this reaction?
magnesium + oxygen  magnesium oxide
2Mg (s) + O2 (g)  2MgO (s)
oxidation: Mg  Mg2+ + 2e-
reduction: O2 + 4e-  2O2-

What does each half-equation
show?

Redox reactions – summary

Questions
1. Explain why the reaction between calcium and oxygen to form

calcium oxide is an example of a redox reaction.
2. Define oxidation and reduction. In terms of oxygen and electrons.
3. Balance the following half equations

Br2(l) + _e¯ → 2Br¯(aq)
Ag+(aq) + _e¯ → Ag(s)
Fe3+(aq) + _e¯ → Fe2+(aq)
I2(s) + _e¯ → 2I¯(aq)
Cu +(aq) + _e¯ → Cu(s)
Cu2+(aq) + _e¯ → Cu(s)

Oxidation numbers
• We can use oxidation numbers to decide whether a
something has been oxidised or reduced.
• Oxidation numbers show how many electrons are gained

or lost by an element when atoms turn into ions.
• The oxidation numbers of the elements are zero.

Oxidation numbers also distinguish between the
compounds of elements such as iron which can exist in
more than one oxidation state. In iron (II) chloride, the
Roman number II shows that the iron is in oxidation state
+2.

Oxidation State/Number
Rules:
• The oxidation number of an element is zero.
• The oxidation number of an ion is equal to the charge of the ion.
• Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 (this doesn't apply to hydrides

when hydrogen is -1).
• Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 (except in peroxides when it is -1).
• Fluorine always has an oxidation number of -1
• It is then simply a matter of adding together all of the oxidation numbers

of the elements in a compound and making sure that the total is = 0 or
equal to the charge on a compound ion.

Assigning Oxidation State-
Examples
Cr2O3
KMnO4
HNO3

Assign oxidation numbers to each element in each of the following compounds:
1. KMnO4
2. NiO2
3. P4O6
4. Fe3O4
5. SF4
6. XeOF4
7. CO
8. Na2C2O4
9. As2O3
10. NaBiO3
11. Mg2P2O7
12. Hg2Cl2

Oxidation Numbers- Charged
Species
Cr2O72-
KMnO4 -

Identifying Redox Reactions
Example 1:
Balanced Equations:
Zn + CuCl2 → ZnCl2 + Cu balanced equation
Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu ionic equation

Note: chloride is a spectator ion
Half Equations:
Zn → Zn2+ +2 e- oxidation
Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu reduction

Example 2: Identify redox
processes
AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

Use oxidation numbers to identify whether the following
processes, represented by equations,
involve oxidation (O), reduction (R), both or neither. Give
reasons for your decisions.

(a) F2 +2e → 2F-
(b) MnO2 + 2H2O → MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e
(c) H2C2O4 → 2CO2 +2H+ + 2e
(d) 2CrO42- + 2H+ → Cr2O72- + H2O
(e) C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2
(f) Zn → Zn2+ + 2e
(g) Fe2+ + 2e → Fe

Example 3:
N2 + 3H2 → 2NH3
Oxidation is a increase in Oxidation Number

Reduction is a decrease in Oxidation Number

Task
Complete Worksheet 1:

Unit 7- Redox Chemistry and Electrochemistry
Lesson 2- Electrolysis of molten ionic

compounds
• Properties of ionic compounds
• Define the term electrolysis
• Describe the electrode products in the electrolysis of
-Molten lead(II) bromide

Starter
• Say whether the following three reactions
are redox reactions or not, by showing the
oxidation states of each of the elements
involved:
a) Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl2 + H2
b) CuO + 2HCl → CuCl2 + H2O
c) MnO2 + 4 HCl → MnCl2 + Cl2 + 2 H2O
d) Cl2 + H2O → HCl + HOCl

What are ionic compounds?
Ionic compounds are made up of positive metal ions and
negative non-metal ions. What ions are in sodium chloride?
positive
sodium ions
negative
chloride ions
The positive and negative ions in an ionic compound attract

each other strongly. It takes a lot of energy to separate them.
How does structure affect the properties of ionic compounds?

Do dissolved ionic compounds
conduct?

Properties of ionic compounds

Does it conduct electricity?

Electrolysis
A process in which a chemical reaction is
caused by the passage of an electric
current.
A molten ionic compound can be split in to

its elements. eg PbCl2 into Lead metal and
Chlorine gas.

Electrode- The point at where the electric
current enters and leaves a current a
battery.
Electrolyte- an ionic compound which will

conduct electricity when it is molten or
dissolved in water; electrolytes will not
conduct electricity when solid.

What is electrolysis?
An ionic compound conducts electricity
when it is molten or in solution. The
current causes the ionic compound
to split up and form new substances.
This process is called electrolysis,
and means “splitting by electricity”.
Electrolysis has many uses, including:

 purifying copper
 plating metals with silver and gold
 extracting reactive metals, such as aluminium
 making chlorine, hydrogen and sodium hydroxide.

What happens during electrolysis?
In electrolysis, the substance that the current passes through
and splits up is called the electrolyte.
The electrolyte contains positive and negative ions.
What happens to these ions during electrolysis?
Negative ions move Positive ions move

to the positive electrode to the negative electrode
(Anode) and lose (Cathode) and gain
electrons. heat electrons.
This is oxidation. This is reduction.
Electrolysis of molten lead
bromide

Electrolysis of molten PbBr2 – redox equations
What redox processes occur at the

electrodes during the electrolysis
of molten lead bromide (PbBr2)?
At the negative electrode:
Pb2+ + 2e-  Pb (reduction)
At the positive electrode:
2Br-  Br2 + 2e- (oxidation)
What is the overall equation for the electrolysis of molten
lead bromide ?
lead bromide  lead + bromine

PbBr2 (l)  Pb (l) + Br2 (g)

Electrolysis of molten PbBr2 –
summary

Electrolysis problems 1
1) Define electrolysis. (1)
2) a) Explain monatomic and simple molecular substances do not conduct

electricity. (2)
b) Explain why metals conduct electricity. (3)
c) Explain why ionic substances do not conduct electricity as solids but do

when molten or dissolved. (3)
3) When each of the following ionic substances is melted and electrolysed,

layout your answers clearly:
• predict what would be produced at the positive electrode

• give the half equation for the reaction at the positive electrode
• predict what would be produced at the negative electrode
• give the half equation for the reaction at the negative electrode
a) molten lead bromide

Electrolysis problems 1
1) Define electrolysis.
A) The use of an electrical current to split up the components of a molten ionic

compound or the components within a solution (1)
2) a) Explain monatomic and simple molecular substances do not conduct

electricity.
A) Molecular substances do not consist of ions or electrons that are able to

move freely and conduct electricity. (2)
b) Explain why metals conduct electricity. (3)
A) Metals consist of free electrons which are able to move and transport charge.
c) Explain why ionic substances do not conduct electricity as solids but do when
molten or dissolved.
A) The ions within a solid ionic substance are unable to move and transport
electrical current, when molten or dissolved the ions are able to move and
transport electrical charge

3) When each of the following ionic substances is melted and electrolysed, layout your
answers clearly:
• predict what would be produced at the positive electrode

• give the half equation for the reaction at the positive electrode
• predict what would be produced at the negative electrode
• give the half equation for the reaction at the negative electrode
a) molten lead bromide

Product: Lead
Half Equation: Pb2+ + 2e-  Pb (reduction)

Product: Bromine Gas
Half Equation: 2Br-  Br2 + 2e- (oxidation)

Lesson 3- Electrolysis of Ions in Solution
• Define the term electrolysis
• Describe the electrode products in the electrolysis of
-Molten lead(II) bromide

-Concentrated hydrochloric acid
-Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
-Between inert electrodes (platinum or carbon).

Starter
Draw a rough sketch of the equipment used
during electrolysis.
Include:
• Electrolyte
• Electrodes
• Anode
• Cathode

The electrolysis of HCl
Task
1.Can you construct balanced half equations for this process.
2.Combine the half equation to give the full equation of what is
happening.
3.What are the products of this reaction.

Product: Hydrogen
Half Equation: 2H+ + 2e-  H2(reduction)

Product: Chlorine
Half Equation: 2Cl- -> Cl2 + 2e- (Oxidation)
Overall: 2HCl -> H2 + Cl2

Questions
•Electrolysis: Splitting up with electricity.
neutral
1.This requires a liquid, or ________, which will
conduct electricity. electrolyte
2.Electrolytes are usually free _____ dissolved in electricity
water.
cathode
3.Electrolytes can also be ________ ionic substances.
inert
4.The _________ is an electron pump, taking electrons
away from the positive ______ to the negative
electrodes
_______. electrodes
5. Ions gain or lose electrons at the ______ and _____ anode
atoms or molecules are formed.
ions
6. The are ______ often made of _____ materials such
as platinum and carbon
molten

The electrolysis of
Concentrated aqueous sodium chloride.
What would you expect the products of this

reaction would be?

Electrolysis of NaCl solution

Products of electrolysis of NaCl solution
The electrolysis of sodium chloride solution produces
three very useful products:
 Chlorine used for killing bacteria in water,
for bleach and making plastics like PVC.
 Hydrogen used for making margarine
and fertilizers, and for rocket fuel.
 Sodium hydroxide used in many
chemical reactions, such as making soap,
neutralizing acids and making paper.
Chlorine is expected as a product of this process but
hydrogen and sodium hydroxide are surprising products.
What happens at the electrodes to form these products?

How does the chlorine form?
In the electrolysis of NaCl solution,
the negative chloride ions
(Cl-) are attracted to the
positive electrode.
Here, the Cl- ions lose
electrons to make
chlorine atoms, which then
form chlorine molecules (Cl2).
 Are the Cl- ions oxidized or reduced? oxidized
 How many electrons are lost by each Cl- ion? one
 How many Cl- ions join to make a Cl2 molecule? two
 What is the half-equation for this redox process?
2Cl-  Cl2 + 2e- (oxidation)
Why is sodium not formed?
In the electrolysis of sodium chloride
solution, the Na+ ions might be expected
to form sodium at the negative electrode.
Instead, hydrogen gas is produced here.
This is because sodium chloride solution
also contains H+ ions from some of the
water: H2O (l)  H+ (aq) + OH- (aq).
At the negative electrode, the H+ ions compete with the Na+

ions. The H+ ions gain electrons; the Na+ ions stay in solution.
For all ionic compounds containing a metal that is more

reactive than hydrogen, electrolysis of a solution of the
compound will produce hydrogen rather than the metal.

How does the hydrogen form?
In the electrolysis of NaCl solution,
the positive hydrogen ions
(H+) are attracted to the
negative electrode.
Here, the H+ ions
gain electrons to make
hydrogen atoms, which then
form hydrogen molecules (H2).
 Are the H+ ions oxidized or reduced? reduced
 How many electrons are gained by each H+ ion? one
 How many H+ ions join to make a H2 molecule? two
 What is the half-equation for this redox process?
2H+ + 2e-  H2 (reduction)
How does the sodium hydroxide form?
Sodium chloride solution has four types of ions:
 Na+ and Cl- ions from the sodium chloride
 H+ and OH- ions from the water.
The Cl- ions form chlorine at the positive
electrode and the H+ ions form hydrogen
at the negative electrode. So, what’s left?
Na+ and OH- ions are left behind and so a
solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is formed.
What is the overall equation for the electrolysis of
a sodium chloride solution?
2NaCl (aq) + 2H2O (l)  H2 (g) + Cl2 (g) + 2NaOH (aq)

Electrolysis of NaCl solution

Hydrogen or metal?
If an ionic compound contains a metal
potassium that is more reactive than hydrogen,
sodium electrolysis of a solution of the compound
calcium
will produce hydrogen, not the metal.
magnesium
increasing reactivity
aluminium Complete the table for these compounds.

(carbon)
Ionic compound Product at the
zinc negative electrode
iron
lead potassium chloride hydrogen
(hydrogen) copper sulphate copper
copper sodium bromide hydrogen
silver
gold silver nitrate silver
platinum zinc chloride hydrogen

Lesson 4- Electroplating
• Describe the electroplating of metals

• Name uses of electoplating

Electoplating
• The metal plating process (also called electroplating)
uses electrolysis of a solution containing ions of the
plating metal.
• The anode is made from the pure plating metal.

The metal object which needs plating is used as the
cathode.
• Most metals can be plated.

Common plating metals are gold, nickel and silver
as well as chromium and zinc referred to above.

Silver plating could be done in the cell below.
When electricity is passed through the cell silver is dissolved at the anode by oxidation.
Ag+ ions go into the silver nitrate solution.
Ag(s) →Ag+(aq) + e-
Silver is deposited onto the surface of the object by reduction at the cathode.
Ag+(aq) + e-→ Ag(s)
As silver ions move from the anode to the cathode
the anode gets smaller as the object becomes silver plated. This is a redox reaction.

Electroplating
• You can use electrolysis to coat one metal with another. This is
called ____________. Electroplating is used a great deal in industry,
for example; chrome-plating car bumpers.
• If you wanted to coat a nickel vase with silver, you would set the
vase as the _______ and the silver as the _________
• At the _______ : Silver _______ forming silver ions.

•
• At the ________: Silver ions receive ________ and form a layer of
silver on the vase.

Electroplating
You can use electrolysis to coat one metal with another.
This is called electroplating. Electroplating is used a
great deal in industry, for example; chrome-plating car
bumpers.
If you wanted to coat a nickel vase with silver, you would

set the vase as the cathode and the silver as the anode.
At the anode: Silver dissolves forming silver ions.
At the cathode: Silver ions receive electrons and form a

layer of silver on the vase.

1) Balance the following half equations.
a) Br– e–  Br2 c) Al3+ e–  Al
b) K+ e–  K d) O2– e–  O2
2)
A steel fork was
placed in a
solution containing
solution containing
silver ions, and silver ions, Ag+(aq)
connected in a
circuit as shown. pure silver
After a few steel fork
minutes the fork
was coated with a
layer of silver.
a) Was the fork the positive or negative electrode?
b) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place at the positive electrode.
c) Write an equation for the reaction that takes place at the negative electrode.
d) Steel is quite often plated by other metals in this way. Why is steel often
electroplated?

Lesson 5- The extraction of Aluminium
• Describe, in outline, the manufacture of

aluminium from pure aluminium oxide in
molten cryolite,

Why and how is aluminium extracted?
Aluminium is one of the most
useful metals in the world.
Electrolysis is used to extract
aluminium from its ore. Why
is it not possible to extract
aluminium by heating its ore
with carbon?
Aluminium ore (bauxite) has a very high

melting point (2050 °C).
For electrolysis, the ore is dissolved in
a compound called cryolite (Na3AlF6),
which lowers the melting point to 700 °C.
Why is this important economically?
potassium
sodium
calcium
magnesium
aluminium
(carbon)
zinc
iron
lead
(hydrogen)
copper
silver
gold
platinum

Extracting aluminium

Extracting aluminium – redox
equations
What redox processes occur at the
electrodes during the electrolysis
of aluminium oxide (Al2O3)?
Al3+ + 3e-  Al (reduction)
2O2-  O2 + 4e- (oxidation)
What is the overall equation for the extraction of aluminium
by electrolysis?
aluminium oxide  aluminium + oxygen

2 Al2O3 (l)  4 Al (l) + 3 O2 (g)
Extracting aluminium –
summary

Purifying copper using
electrolysis

Lesson 6: Purification of
Copper
-Describe the principle of electrolysis.
-Understand the method used to refine copper and

the reasoning behind it.
- Name uses of copper
- Be familiar with and able to use in sentences the

vocabulary for this topic

Potassium Filter paper
permanganate soaked in salt
crystals solution
The purple
potassium The purple
permanganate is colour is going
going to spread to move to the The purple
over the paper
negative side colour is going
because of to move to the
diffusion. only.
positive side
faster than the
negative side.
What’s going
to happen in
this
experiment?
I think it’s an
example of
electrolysis.

Potassium Filter paper
permanganate soaked in salt
crystals solution
Notes
• Sketch a copy of the diagram.
• Describe the movement of colour.
• Explain the movement of colour.

Uses of electrolysis
What uses of electrolysis can you think of?

How is copper purified?
Copper is not very reactive and
can occur native but it is rare to
find pure copper. Usually, it is found
combined with other elements, such
as in the ore malachite.
The copper extracted from compounds by reduction with

carbon is impure (blistered copper). Electrolysis can
actually be used at this stage to remove the impurities and
obtain pure copper.

Uses of Copper
• Copper is an excellent conductor
and does not corrode quickly.
These properties make it a good
material for wiring and plumbing.
• Only pure copper can be used for

electric wires. Even a very low level
of impurities will reduce copper’s
conductivity.

Purifying copper using
electrolysis

Complete the worksheet !!
Read the questions carefully...

Purifying copper – redox equations
What happens at the electrodes during the

purification of copper by electrolysis ?
Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu (reduction)
Cu  Cu2+ + 2e- (oxidation)
This process is carried out on a huge scale in industry and

the copper formed on the negative electrodes is 99.99% pure.
The precious metals recovered from the impurities are also sold off and help to
make this industrial process profitable.

Labelling electrolysis

Plenary
• Taboo

Lesson 7: Electrochemical Cells
• Describe the production of electrical

energy from simple cells, i.e. two
electrodes in an electrolyte.
• State the use of batteries as a convenient,

portable energy source

Lesson 8: Past Paper questions
•Complete past paper questions

Lesson 9: Poster Presentations
•Produced a poster on the given subject in as

much detail as possible.
•A good poster will be clear, well structure,
NEAT, eye catching and contain accurate
scientific information
•You will be expected to give a short 3 minute
presentation explaining the scientific concepts
in the poster.
•You may be asked questions about this

PAL 1 Groups
Group Title Members
1 Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride and its products Alex, Steven, Gladys, Shirley
2 Extraction of Aluminium Jerry, Alexander, Frank
3 General Electrolysis and Electroplating Greg, Kitty, Alice, Alen
4 General Electrolysis and Purification of Copper Alex. H, Fiona, Vivian
5 Extraction of Iron in the blast furnace Leondro, Zoen, Kibi
6 Extraction of Zinc Moey, Arthur, Lesley
7 Electrolysis and its uses Jane, Helen ,Ennl

PAL 2 Groups
Group Title Members
1 Electrolysis of Sodium Chloride and its products Cenery, Alice, Emily,
2 Extraction of Aluminium Joyce, Grace, Peter
3 General Electolysis and Electroplating Stella, Hacken, Daisy
4 General Electrolysis and Purification of Copper Lee, Maggie, Cindy
5 Extraction of Iron in the blast furnace Frankic, Jeffrey, Johnny
6 Extraction of Zinc from Zinc Gilbert, Kizi ,Angela
7 Electrolysis and its uses John, Cheney,Simon

Purifying copper – redox equations
What happens at the electrodes
during the purification of copper
by electrolysis ?
Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu (reduction)
Cu  Cu2+ + 2e- (oxidation)
This process is carried out on a huge scale in industry and
the copper formed on the negative electrodes is 99.99% pure.
The precious metals recovered from the impurities are also
sold off and help to make this industrial process profitable.

Purifying copper – true or false?

Electrolysis of dilute sulfuric
Electrolysis can be used to split water (H O)
acid
into its elements, hydrogen and oxygen.
2
This is how hydrogen for fuel cells can be

made and how oxygen can be produced
from water on spacecraft.
Water is a covalent compound and so is
a poor conductor of electricity. However,
it does contain a few free H+ and OH- ions:
H2O (l)  H+ (aq) + OH- (aq).
The conductivity of water can be improved by adding dilute
sulfuric acid. This releases more ions so that more current
flows during electrolysis, which creates hydrogen and oxygen.
Which product will form at each electrode?
Electrolysis of dilute sulfuric
acid

Electrolysis of dilute H2SO4 – redox equations
What happens at the electrodes during

the electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid?
2H+ + 2e-  H2 (reduction)
4OH-  2H2O + O2 + 4e- (oxidation)
What is the overall equation for the electrolysis of dilute
sulfuric acid?
2H2O (l)  2H2 (g) + O2 (g)
Twice as much hydrogen forms as oxygen. Why is this?
In water, there are 2 hydrogen atoms for every oxygen
atom, so the ratio by volume, of H2 to O2, is 2:1.
What are the products of
electrolysis?

 electrode – A solidGlossary
conductor of electricity, which is used
to make electrical contact with an electrolyte.
 electrolysis – The process which uses electricity to split
up compounds.
 electrolyte – A substance which conducts electricity and
can be split up by a current when molten or in solution.
 ions – Charged particles formed when atoms lose or gain
electrons.
 oxidation – A type of reaction involving the gain of oxygen
or the loss of electrons.
 redox – A type of reaction in which oxidation and reduction
take place at the same time.
 reduction – A type of reaction involving the loss of oxygen
or the gain of electrons.

Anagrams

Oxidized or reduced?

What is involved in electrolysis?

Multiple-choice quiz
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Lesson 1-Introduction To Redox Reactions: Redox Chemistry and Electrochemistry

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Lesson 1-Introduction To Redox Reactions: Redox Chemistry and Electrochemistry

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Redox Chemistry and Electrochemistry

Lesson 1- Introduction to Redox Reactions

• Define oxidation and reduction in terms of oxygen

• Define redox in terms of electron transfer.

• Construct redox half equations

• Assign Oxidation States

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redox = reduction and oxidation

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 The magnesium has been oxidized.

Oxidation is the loss of electrons.

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 The oxygen has been reduced.

Reduction is the gain of electrons.

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What are the half-equations for the oxidation and reduction

oxidation: Mg  Mg2+ + 2e-

reduction: O2 + 4e-  2O2-

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1. Explain why the reaction between calcium and oxygen to form

2. Define oxidation and reduction. In terms of oxygen and electrons.

3. Balance the following half equations

Ag+(aq) + _e¯ → Ag(s)

Fe3+(aq) + _e¯ → Fe2+(aq)

I2(s) + _e¯ → 2I¯(aq)

Cu +(aq) + _e¯ → Cu(s)

Cu2+(aq) + _e¯ → Cu(s)

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• Oxidation numbers show how many electrons are gained

• The oxidation numbers of the elements are zero.

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• The oxidation number of an element is zero.

• The oxidation number of an ion is equal to the charge of the ion.

• Hydrogen has an oxidation number of +1 (this doesn't apply to hydrides

• Oxygen has an oxidation number of -2 (except in peroxides when it is -1).

• Fluorine always has an oxidation number of -1

• It is then simply a matter of adding together all of the oxidation numbers

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Zn + Cu2+ → Zn2+ + Cu ionic equation

Cu2+ + 2e- → Cu reduction

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AgNO3 + NaCl → AgCl + NaNO3

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reasons for your decisions.

(b) MnO2 + 2H2O → MnO4- + 4H+ + 3e

(c) H2C2O4 → 2CO2 +2H+ + 2e

(d) 2CrO42- + 2H+ → Cr2O72- + H2O

(e) C2H4 + Cl2 → C2H4Cl2

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Oxidation is a increase in Oxidation Number

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Lesson 2- Electrolysis of molten ionic

• Properties of ionic compounds

• Define the term electrolysis

• At the _ : Silver _ forming silver ions.