TEORI KOMUNIKASI

UNDERSTANDING THE DIALOGUE

(RELATIONSHIP
DEVELOPMENT)
Tim Dosen Teori Komunikasi
Relationship
Development
 Uncertainty Reduction Theory (Berger & Calabrese)

Social Penetration Theory (Altman & Taylor)

Relationship Social Exchange Theory (Thibaut & Kelley(

Development
Relational Dialectics Theory (Baxter & Montgomery)

Communication Privacy Management Theory (Petronio)

  This theory was to explain how communication is
used to reduce uncertainties between strangers
engaging in their first conversation together.
 What is Prediction? & What is Explanation?
Uncertainty  The current version of the theory suggests that
Reduction there are two types of uncertainty in initial
encounters: cognitive (beliefs and attitudes)
Theory and behavioural (behaviour).
 If one of them had violated the ritual by either
engaging in inappropriate self-disclosure totally
ignoring the other, their behavioral uncertainty
would have increased.
  Behaviour Uncertainty : To interact in a
relatively smooth, coordinated, and understandable
manner, one must be able both to predict how one’s
interaction partner is likely to behave, and, based
upon these predictions, to select from one’s own
reper-toire those responses that will optimize
Uncertainty outcomes in the encounter”
Reduction  uncertainty reduction has both proactive and
Theory retroactive processes
 uncertainty is related to seven other concepts rooted
in communication and relational development:
verbal output, nonverbal warmth (such as
pleasant vocal tone and leaning for- ward),
information seeking (asking questions), self-
disclosure, reciprocity of disclosure, similarity, and
liking.
  People experience uncertainty in interpersonal settings.
 Uncertainty is an aversive state, generating cognitive
stress.
 When strangers meet, their primary concern is to reduce
Assumptions their uncertainty or to increase predictability.
 Interpersonal communication is a developmental process
Uncertainty that occurs through stages.
Reduction  Interpersonal communication is the primary means of
Theory uncertainty reduction.
 The quantity and nature of information that people share
change through time.
 It is possible to predict people’s behavior in a lawlike
fashion.
Axioms of
Uncertainty
Reduction
Theory
 Axiom 8: Uncertainty is negatively
related to interaction with social net-
works. The more people interact with
Additional the friends and family members of their
Axioms of relational partner, the less uncertainty
Uncertainty they experience.
Reduction
Theory Axiom 9: There is an inverse, or
negative, relationship between uncer-
tainty and communication satisfaction.
 Passive Strategies (Reactivity, Disinhibition Searching)

Strategies Active Strategies

Interactive Strategies
  Social penetration refers to a process of
relationship bonding whereby individuals move
from superficial communication to more intimate
communication
Social  intimacy involves more than physical intimacy;
other dimensions of intimacy include intellectual
Penetratio and emotional, and the extent to which a couple
Theory share activities
 The social penetration process, therefore,
necessarily includes verbal behaviors (the words we
use), nonverbal behaviors (our body posture, the
extent to which we smile, and so forth), and
environmentally oriented behaviors (the space
between communicators, the physical objects
present in the environment, and so forth).
  Relationships progress from nonintimate
to intimate.
Assumptions  Relational development is generally
of Social systematic and predictable.
Penetratio
 Relational development includes
Theory
depenetration and dissolution.
 Self-disclosure is at the core of
relationship development.
The Onion
Analogy
  Social Penetration Theory is grounded in
several principles of Social Exchange Theory
 Relationships can be conceptualized in
Social terms of rewards and costs.
Penetration  Taylor and Altman: (1) Rewards and costs
Theory have a greater impact early on in the
relationship than later in the relationship,
and (2) relationships with a reservoir of
positive reward/cost experiences are better
equipped to han- dle conflict effectively.
  Social Exchange Theory (SET) is based on the notion that
people think about their relationships in economic terms.
 Social Exchange theorists argue that people assess their
relationships in terms of costs and rewards .
 Costs are the elements of relational life that have
Social negative value to a person, such as the effort put into a
relationship and the negatives of a partner.
Exchange  Rewards are the elements of a relationship that have
Theory positive value.
 The Social Exchange perspective argues that people
calculate the overall worth of a particular relationship by
subtracting its costs from the rewards it provides
WORTH = REWARDS - COST
  Humans seek rewards and avoid punishments.
 Humans are rational beings.
 The standards that humans use to evaluate
Assumptions costs and rewards vary over time and from
of Social person to person.
Exchange  The assumptions Social Exchange Theory
Theory makes about the nature of rela- tionships
include the following:
 Relationships are interdependent.
 Relational life is a process.
 Behavioral Sequences

Power

Fate Control

Exchange Behaviour Control

Patterns
Given Matrix

Effective Matrix

Dispositional Matrix
Exchange
Structures
  Relational Dialectics Theory (RDT) maintains
that relational life is characterized by ongoing
tensions between contradictory impulses
 People are not always able to resolve the
Relational contradictory elements of their beliefs, and
Dialectics they can hold inconsistent beliefs about
Theory relationships.
 We can best explain this vision of human
behavior by contrasting it to two other
common approaches: monologic and
dualistic approaches.
  Relationships are not linear.
 Relational life is characterized by
Assumptions change.
of Relational
Dialectics  Contradiction is the fundamental
Theory fact of relational life.
 Communication is central to
organizing and negotiating
relational contradictions.
 1. Totality
Elements of
Dialectics:
2. Contradiction
Building the
Tension 3. Motion
4. Praxis
 Autonomy and Connection

Basic Openness and Protection

Relational
Dialectics Novelty and Predictability

Contextual Dialectics
 • Communication Privacy Management (CPM),
Communication which helps us sort through and explain the
complexities of privacy and disclosure.
Privacy
Management • Explain the process that people use to manage
Theory the relationship between concealing and
revealing private information.
• CPM as a macrotheory because its boundaries
include a large variety of interper- sonal
relationships, including groups and
organizations.
 Humans are choice makers.
Assumptions of Humans are rule makers and rule
Communication followers.
Privacy
Management Humans’ choices and rules are
Theory based on a consideration of
others as well as the self.
 • depends on three privacy rule
management processes: privacy
Privacy Rule rule characteristics, boundary co-
Management ordination, and boundary
Processes turbulence
 one of the processes in the
Boundary privacy rule management
Coordination system; describes how we
manage private information
  Boundary turbulence exists when the
rules of boundary coordination are un-
Boundary
clear or when people’s expectations for
Turbulance
privacy management come into conflict
with one another.
SAMPAI JUMPA