“Verily,

Allah has prescribed  excellence
in  all things ...”  

Al-Hadith [Muhammad (peace be upon him )]

 (Cited in Forty Ahadith of Al-Nawawi)
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 Metals We Use

Engr. Inam Ul Haq Raja

 Introduction
 Wealth of a nation is measured by variety of
articles it possess?
 Metals play important role in our everyday life
 Generally strong, tough and can withstand heat
without melting, however:-

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 Introduction
 Play important role in our everyday life
 Generally strong, tough and can withstand heat
without melting, however:-
– Mercury is liquid at room temperature
– Gallium melts in palm of your hand

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 Introduction
 Play important role in our everyday life
 Generally strong, tough and can withstand heat
without melting, however:-
– Mercury is liquid at room temperature
– Gallium melts in palm of your hand
– Lithium can be scratched with fingernail
 Metals are classified as follows:-
– Ferrous
– Non ferrous
– Precious
– High temperature
– Rare metal
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 Ferrous Metals
 Iron is the basic ingredient of these metals
 Cast Iron
– Hard and brittle
– Excellent wear resistant
– Contains 3 to 4% carbon
– White cast iron, malleable iron, gray iron
 Wrought Iron
– Most of the carbon is removed
– Tough and bends easily
– Rusts slowly
– Used in ornamental work 6
 Ferrous Metals
 Steel
– Is an alloy of iron and other chemical elements
– Alloying elements impart certain desirable
characteristics
 Carbon Steels
– Classified by percentage of carbon
– Low carbon steel – contains less than 0.3% carbon,
easy to work, can be welded but not hardened
– Medium carbon steel – contains 0.3 t0 0.6% carbon,
hammer heads, clamps and other tools
– High carbon steel – contains 0.6 to 1.5% carbon,
products that are heat treated are made with this metal
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 Ferrous Metals
 Alloy Steels – Chromium, magnesium,
molybdenum, nickel, tungsten and vanadium are
used to make steel harder, tougher and stronger
 Tool Steels
– Dense steels containing high percentage of carbon or
high alloy content or both
– Tough so that tools hold cutting edge
 High Speed Steels – Capable of making deeper
cuts at higher machine speeds
 Tungsten Carbide – used for good quality tools
– Hardest human made metal, as hard as diamond
– Shaped by molding tungsten, carbon and cobalt powders
under heat and pressure in a process called sintering 8
 Ferrous Metals

 Stainless Steel
– More than 100 types
– Contain chromium to make metal corrosion
resistant

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 Steel Terminology
 Rods, bars, plates, sheets and structural shapes are
produced by passing steel through series of forming rolls
 Rolling reduces INGOT (unfinished steel mass) into
– BLOOM – semi finished bar with cross sectional area of more than
36 in
– BILLET – longer and smaller in cross section than bloom
– SLAB – several times wider than bloom or billet
 Hot rolled steel is shaped when red hot
 Hot rolled steel shapes are Pickled – passed through acid
to remove oxidation coatings
 Cold finished steel is rolled cold into final shape and size
 Cold drawn steel - pulled or drawn through a series of
smooth holes, for better finish
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 Non Ferrous Metals
 Metals that do not have iron as basic ingredient
 Aluminum
– Consists of a large family of aluminum alloys
– Soft and strong
– Strength can be increase by adding alloy elements,
heat treating or cold working
– Alloying elements also improve welding
characteristics, corrosion resistance and
machinability

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 Non Ferrous Metals
 Metals that do not have iron as basic ingredient
 Aluminum
– Consists of a large family of aluminum alloys
– Soft and strong
– Strength can be increase by adding alloy elements,
heat treating or cold working
– Alloying elements also improve welding
characteristics, corrosion resistance and
machinability
 Magnesium
– Lightest of structural metals
– High strength to weight and excellent machinability
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 Non Ferrous Metals
 Titanium
– One of the space age metals
– As strong as steel but only half as heavy
– Most titanium alloys are capable of continuous
operation at temperatures of about 800o F

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 Non Ferrous Metals
 Titanium
– One of the space age metals
– As strong as steel but only half as heavy
– Most titanium alloys are capable of continuous
operation at temperatures of about 800o F
 Beryllium
– Originally developed for specialized tasks
– Nuclear applications and light weight aerospace parts
– High strength to weight ratio, lighter than aluminum
alloys but is expensive

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 Non Ferrous Metals
 Copper
– Base metal and is oldest metal known
– Rich reddish brown color
– Good conductor of electricity, second to silver
– Can be shaped easily

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 Non Ferrous Metals
 Copper
– Base metal and is oldest metal known
– Rich reddish brown color
– Good conductor of electricity, second to silver
– Can be shaped easily
 Brass
– Alloy of copper and zinc
– Commercial brass contains 90% copper and 10%
zinc

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 Non Ferrous Metals
 Copper
– Base metal and is oldest metal known
– Rich reddish brown color
– Good conductor of electricity, second to silver
– Can be shaped easily
 Brass
– Alloy of copper and zinc
– Commercial brass contains 90% copper and 10%
zinc
 Bronze
– Composed of copper and tin
– Harder than brass and more expensive 17
 Non Ferrous Metals

 Zinc
– Its alloys resist many forms of corrosion
– Available in wire, sheet, foil and rods
– Familiar as protective coating on steel and iron –
galvanizing

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 Non Ferrous Metals

 Zinc
– Its alloys resist many forms of corrosion
– Available in wire, sheet, foil and rods
– Familiar as protective coating on steel and iron –
galvanizing
 Tin
– Soft, shiny, silvery metal and is rarely used except
as alloying agent
– Non toxic so used in food cans

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 Precious Metals
 Silver
– When combined with 7.6% of copper is called sterling
silver
– Readily shaped, cast and formed
– Excellent conductor of electricity
 Gold
– Can be easily shaped by hammering or rolling
(malleable)
– Resists attack by acids
 Platinum
– Resistant to most chemicals
– Used in manufacture of electronics devices used in
space, chemical and lab equipment 20
 High Temperature Metals

 Ability of maintaining high strength operated for extended

periods at elevated temperatures
 Columbium – used in aerospace industry
 Nickel Base Alloys – used in jet engines, rocket engines,
and heat furnaces
 Tantalum – new metal and used for filament in bulbs
 Tungsten
– Melts at 6200o F
– Not resistant to oxidation at high temperatures so requires coating
– Spark plug electrodes in welding, resistant to electric spark erosion
– Production is expensive due to high melting temperatures

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 Rare Metals

 Available in small quantities for experimental

purpose only
– Yttrium
– Cerium
– Europium

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Thanks!