JEEVAN RIJAL CHHETRI (R.C.

)
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR, Agricultural Economics.
CAMPUS OF LIVE SCIENCES
TULSIPUR,DANG

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

Major Components of Agriculture
a critical discussion on food grains, cash crops, horticultural crops and livestock products

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

 ‘’Agriculture is the science and art of cultivating plants and livestock.’’
• Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human
civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses
that enabled people to live in cities.
• The history of agriculture began thousands of years ago. After gathering wild
grains beginning at least 105,000 years ago, nascent farmers began to plant
them around 11,500 years ago.
• Pigs, sheep and cattle were domesticated over 10,000 years ago. Plants were
independently cultivated in at least 11 regions of the world.

• Industrial agriculture based on large-scale monoculture in the twentieth

century came to dominate agricultural output, though about 2 billion people
still depended on subsistence agriculture into the twenty-first.

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

• In Nepal, the economy is dominated by agriculture. In the late 1980s, it was the
livelihood for more than 90% of the population, although only approximately
20% of the total land area was cultivable, it accounted for, on average, about
60% of the GDP and approximately 75% of exports.
• Since the formulation of the Fifth Five-Year Plan (1975–80), agriculture has been
the highest priority because economic growth was dependent on both
increasing the productivity of existing crops and diversifying the agricultural
base for use as industrial inputs.

• According to the World Bank, agriculture is the main source of food, income,
and employment for the majority. It provides about 25.29% (2018) of the gross
domestic product (GDP).

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

 MAJOR COMPONENTS OF AGRICULTURE

A. Agricultural Components B. Livestock Components

1. Cereals:- Rice, maize, wheat, Barley 1. Cattle, Buffalo, Sheep, Goat, Pig Poultry
and millet
2. Cash crops:- Sugarcane, jute, 2. Livestock products: Milk, Meat product, eggs
Oilseed, tobacco, potato
3. Horticultural crops Vegetable:
Winter and summer season Fruits:
tropical, sub-tropical and
temperate:

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

COMPONENTS OF AGRICULTURE DETAIL
CEREAL CROPS
Cereal crops occupy >75% crop area and contribute 55% of total Agricultural
production
Contribution of cereal crops in AGDP is higher i.e. 36.2 as compared to other
components
Major cereal crops are Rice, Maize, Wheat, Barley, Millet
Development of cereal crops is important for following reasons:
• Self sufficiency in food supply
• Promoting supply of raw material for agro-based industry
• Promoting export, minimizes nutritional deficiency

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.
 TREND IN AREA (HECTARE)
1800000

1600000

1400000

1200000

1000000

800000

600000

400000

200000

0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

PADDY WHEAT MAIZE

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

 TREND IN PRODUCTION ( METRIC TONNE)
6000000

5000000

4000000

3000000

2000000

1000000

0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020

PADDY WHEAT MAIZE

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

                  
Table 1.1 Area, Production and Yield by Major Cereal Crops                  
                     Area in Hectare, Production in Metric Ton, Yield in Kg Per Hectare  
      PADDY           MAIZE         MILLET      
  YEAR      
      AREA PROD. YIELD AREA   PROD. YIELD AREA PROD. YIELD    
  2007/08 1,549,262 4,299,246 2,775 870,166   1,878,648 2,159 265,496 291,098   1,096    
                                           
  2008/09 1,555,940 4,523,693 2,907 875,428   1,930,669 2,205 265,889 292,683   1,101  

STATISTICAL
       
  2009/10 1,481,289 4,023,823 2,716 875,660   1,855,184 2,119 268,473 299,523   1,116    
  2010/11 1,496,476 4,460,278 2,981 906,253   2,067,522 2,281 269,820 302,691   1,122    
  2011/12 1,531,493 5,072,248 3,312 871,387   2,179,414 2,501 278,030 315,067   1,133    
  2012/13 1,420,570 4,504,503 3,171 849,635   1,999,010 2,353 274,350 305,588   1,114  

INFORMATION
2016/17 1,552,469 5,230,327 3,369 900,288 2,300,121 2,555 263,596 306,704 1,164
  2013/14 1,486,951 5,047,047 3,394 928,761   2,283,222 2,458 271,183 304,105   1,121    
  2014/15 1,425,346 4,788,612 3,360 882,395   2,145,291 2,431 268,050 308,488   1,151    
  2015/16 1,362,908 4,299,079 3,154 891,583   2,231,517 2,503 266,799 302,397   1,133    
                                         

ON NEPALESE
                                         
    BUCKWHEAT           WHEAT         BARLEY    

                                       
  YEAR                       
      AREA   PROD.  YIELD  AREA    PROD.   YIELD  AREA   PROD.   YIELD    
  2007/08              706,481  1,572,065  2,225  26,106   28,082   1,076    
                                          
  2008/09              694,950  1,343,862  1,934  25,817   23,224   900  

AGRICULTURE
                          
  2009/10              731,131   1,556,539   2,129  26,600   27,587   1,037    
  2010/11  10,304   8,841  858  767,499  1,745,811  2,275  28,461   30,240   1,063    
  2011/12  10,339   10,021  969  765,317  1,846,142  2,412 
Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C. 27,966   34,830   1,245    
  2012/13  10,681   10,056  941  759,843  1,882,220  2,477  28,989   36,973   1,275  

207
Problems:-
 Lack of effective research for new technology
 Poor infrastructure i.e. transportations
 Lack of year round irrigation i.e. 21% of the total cultivation area (and is
irrigated)
 Low fertilizer use and inefficient supply
 Lack of reliable market

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

  
Table 2.1 Cash Crops: Area, Production and Yield  
                    (ArArea in Hectare, Production in Tons, and Yield in Kg. Per Hectare)  
      OILSEED         POTATO       SUGARCANE     
  YEAR          
    AREA   PROD. YIELD AREA PROD.   YIELD AREA   PROD. YIELD    
  2007/08  180,328  134,286  745            
                156,737 2,054,817    13,110  62,962  2,485,437 39,475 

STATISTICAL
                 
  2008/09  181,361  135,494  747            
                181,900 2,424,048    13,326  58,101  2,354,412 40,523   
  2009/10  198,540  155,050  781            
                185,342 2,517,696    13,584  58,310  2,495,098 42,790   
  2010/11  213,706  176,186  824          

INFORMATION
                182,600 2,508,044    13,735  62,998  2,718,226 43,148 

                 
  2011/12  214,835  179,145  834            
                190,250 2,584,301    13,584  64,472  2,930,047 45,447   
  2012/13  215,600  179,000  830            
                197,234 2,690,421    13,641  64,483  2,930,000 45,438   
  2013/14  207,457  181,535  875            
                205,725 2,817,512    13,696  76,863  3,315,939 43,141 

ON
  2014/15  233,041  209,612  899          
                197,037 2,586,287    13,126  66,600  3,063,000 45,991 

NEPALESE
                 
  2015/16  217,867  208,291  956            
                199,971 2,805,582    14,030  80,931  4,346,754 53,709   
  2016/17  207,978  214,451  1,031 185,879 2,591,686    13,943  70,807  3,219,560 45,470   
                                           

AGRICULTURE
                           
        JUTE         COTTON           Rubber   
  YEAR             
      AREA PROD.  YIELD  AREA  PROD.  YIELD Area Prod. Yield   
  2007/08   16,988  1,466  75  69    913           
      11,590                                   
  2008/09   17,658  1,512  100  59    590         

2073/74
      11,678            Jeevan R.C.
Asst. Prof.                      

                         
Production of cash is affected by
 National and international demand & supply
 Supply side
 Climatic condition
 Availability of technical inputs

Some existing problems of each crop

 Lack of appropriate technology and knowledge
 Lack of reliable market
 Lack of processing industries
 High cost of production and low price
 Rain fed production
 Lack of commercialization
 Lack of insurance
 Small scale production
 Illegal trading practices and monopoly of handful of traders in the border
Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.
                      
Table 3.1 AREA, PRODUCTION AND YIELD OF PULSE CROPS IN NEPAL                      

                               [Area in Hectare, Production in Metric Ton and Yield in Kg per Hectare]

        Lentil           Chickpea         Pigeon Pea       Black Gram      

                                                                     
Year                        
     Area       Prodn Yield   Area   Prodn   Yield Area   Prodn Yield   Area   Prodn   Yield  
                                                                

2007/08     189,497     161,147 850  9,238  7,319  792 21,363  18,841   882   32,874  25,672   781  
                                                                

2008/09     183,798     147,725 804  8,479  6,877  811 20,883  18,152   869   33,123  25,964   784  
                                                                

2009/10     187,437     151,758 810  8,647  7,065  817 21,296  18,648   876   33,779  26,673   790  
                                                                        
                        
2011/12     207,630     208,201 1,003  9,154  8,192  895 17,471  14,082   806   27,496  22,482   818  
                                                                

2012/13     206,512     226,923 1,099  9,761  9,685  992 17,454  16,453   943   25,043  21,190   846  
                                                                

2013/14     205,939     226,830 1,101  9,341  9,380  1,004 17,006  16,415   965   23,312  19,383   831  
                                                                

2014/15     204,475     227,492 1,113  9,274  9,408  1,014 16,885  16,462   975   23,147  19,439   840  
                                                                        
                       
2015/16   205,939     253,041 1,113  9,883  10,914  1,104 17,006  16,415   975   23,312  19,402   840  
                                                                
Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.
2016/17     206,969     254,308 1,229  9,933  10,969  1,104 17,091  16,497   975   23,429  19,499   840  
LIVESTOCK AND LIVESTOCK PRODUCT
 Most important and inseparable component of farming system
 Acts as good substitutes / alternative to shift from agriculture to livestock for livelihood (here,
agriculture in the scene of crops)
 Agriculture and livestock are complement to each other

Importance
1. Provides milk, meat, egg, wool etc.
2. General supplement income to house hold
3. Employment generation
4. Provides power (animal power) for cultivated and transportation
5. 75 % of power use in agriculture is through draft animal
6. Dung is used for composting which used to soil fertility
7. Livestock products are importance items of trade
8. Milk is the most important livestock product followed by meet and poultry
9. Reduces malnutrition
Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.
Table 4.1 Livostock Population                           Unit: Number

 CATEGO-            
    2007/08  2008/09 2009/10 2010/11  2011/12  2012/13 2013/14 2014/15  2015/16  2016/17
  RY                                             

 CATTLE   7,090,714 7,175,198 7,199,260 7,226,050  7,244,944  7,274,022 7,243,916 7,241,743 7,302,808  7,347,487
 BUFFA-        
    4,496,507 4,680,486 4,836,984 4,993,650  5,133,139  5,241,873 5,178,612 5,167,737 5,168,809  5,177,998
  LOES                                            

 SHEEP   809,480  802,993 801,371 805,070  807,267  809,536 789,216 789,292  800,658  801,975

 GOAT   8,135,880 8,473,082 8,844,172 9,186,440  9,512,958  9,786,354 10,177,531 10,251,569 10,986,114  11,165,099

 PIGS   1,013,359 1,044,498 1,064,858 1,108,465  1,137,489  1,160,035 1,190,138 1,203,230 1,291,308  1,328,036

 FOWL   24,665,820 24,481,286 25,760,373 40,000,000 45,171,185  47,959,239 48,079,406 50,195,285 68,630,638  70,007,151

 DUCK   390,748  383,123 379,753 378,050  376,916  375,975 390,209 390,287  392,255  394,775
 MILKING          
    915,411  932,876 954,680 974,122  998,963  1,025,591 1,024,513 1,025,947 1,026,135  1,029,529
  COW                                            
 MILKING                                            

 BUFFA-   1,158,300 1,211,495 1,252,770 1,291,644  1,331,037  1,369,796 1,345,837 1,345,164 1,355,384  1,509,512

 LOES                                            
 LAYING      
    7,153,088 7,124,054 7,290,875 7,478,645 7,907,468  8,233,616 8,350,237 8,412,247 12,353,515  12,388,889
  HEN                                            
 LAYING            
Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.
 DUCK   182,753  179,187 175,300 175,150  174,978  174,714 179,447 179,480  180,927  183,940
 Table 4.2 Livostock Products
PRODUCTS 2007/08 2008/09 2009/10 2010/11 2011/12 2012/13 2013/14 2014/15 2015/16 2016/17
M I L K P R O D U C T I O N (M t.) 1388730 1445419 1495897 1556510 1622751 1 6 8 0 8 1 2 1700073 1755725 1854247 1911239
- COW MILK 400950 413919 429030 447185 468913 492379 532300 587719 643806 665285
- BUFF. MILK 987780 1031500 1066867 1109325 1153838 1 1 8 8 4 3 3 1167773 1168006 1210441 1245954
M E A T (N E T )P R O D U C T I O N (M t.) 233900 241690 248573 277625 287930 295167 298244 303401 322059 332544

STATISTIC AL IN FO RMATIO N O N NEPALESE A G RIC ULTURE 2 0 7

- BUFF 151209 156627 162213 167868 172414 175132 173906 174012 175005 180080
- MUTTON (Sheep) 2725 2711 2691 2722 2720 2721 2656 2658 2684 2714
- CHEVON 46570 48472 49851 52809 53956 55578 59053 60906 65583 67706
- PORK 16453 16992 17066 17923 18277 18709 19269 20135 23509 24535
- CHICKEN 16712 16662 16527 36085 40346 42810 43133 45458 55041 57268
- DUCK 231 226 225 218 217 217 227 232 237 241
72

EGG PRODUCTION (‘000 No.) 631253 629940 643203 704135 801370 887240 872918 879501 1308072 1352296

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.

Reasons for underdevelopment of livestock sector in Nepal
1. Malnutrition:- Especially in hills 90 % of feed is used to keep the animals
just alive i.e. only 10 % productive feed
2. No meaningful research
3. resource is thinly spread
4. present animal health services are inadequate to meet country's massive
(large) livestock population
5. large number of indigenous breed caused malnutrition and
undernourishment
6. 'forage cultivation is almost unknown to a majority of farmers

Asst. Prof. Jeevan R.C.