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Neoplasm Tumor.: Embryogenesis, Regeneration, Repair, Hyperplasia
Neoplasm Tumor.: Embryogenesis, Regeneration, Repair, Hyperplasia
According to types
d. Gender
1. Chemical carcinogens
Radiation
a. Ultraviolet radiation
i. UVB sunlight is the most carcinogenic.
ii. Increased risk of skin cancer
b. Ionizing radiation
i. X rays and gamma rays, alpha and beta particles, protons,
neutrons
ii. Atomic bomb: leukemias, thyroid cancer.
iii. Uranium miners: lung cancer
3. Oncogenic viruses
1. General
a. Metabolic activation
• By cytochrome P45O system (for indirect carcinogen)
b. Reactive electrophiles
d. Initiated cell
• The unrepaired damage produced in the DNA of cell
becomes permanent only if the altered cell undergoes at
least one cycle of proliferation
• This result in transferring the change to next progeny of
cell so that DNA damages becomes permanent and
irreversible
B. Promotors
Pleomorphism
• means variation in size and shape of the tumour cells.
Anisonucleosis
• Just like cellular pleomorphism, the nuclei too, show
variation in size and shape in malignant tumour cells
HOST RESPONSE AGAINST TUMOR
(TUMOR IMMUNOLOGY)
.
1. TUMOR ANTIGENS
Tumor cells express surface antigens
1. Tumor-specific antigens
• Present only on tumor cells
2. Tumor-associated antigens
• Present on tumor cells and also on some normal cells.
Main classes of tumor antigens
• Cytotoxic T lymphocytes
• Natural killer cells
• Macrophages
• Antibodies
Immune regulatory mechanisms
Most cancers grow relentlessly in spite of host immunity.
Antigen masking
A. LOCAL EFFECTS
i) Compression
ii) Mechanical obstruction
• Benign and malignant tumors in the gut may produce
intestinal obstruction.
1. CANCER CACHEXIA
• Cancer patient Suffers progressive loss of body fat and
lean body mass accompanied by profound weakness,
anorexia, and anemia, referred to as cachexia (meaning
wasting).
2. FEVER
• Fever of unexplained origin may be presenting feature in
some malignancies such as in Hodgkin’s disease,
adenocarcinoma kidney.
3. TUMOUR LYSIS SYNDROME
⑤ Mixed tumors:
e. g. mixed tumor of salivary gland
⑥ Teratomas: tumors containing mature or
immature cells or tissues representative of more
than one germ layer and sometimes all the three
layers.
Tissue of Origin Benign Malignant
COMPOSED OF ONE PARENCHYMAL CELL TYPE
Tumors of Mesenchymal Origin
Connective tissue and Fibroma Fibrosarcoma
derivatives Lipoma Liposarcoma
Chondroma Chondrosarcoma
Osteoma Osteogenic sarcoma
Endothelial and Related Tissues
Blood vessels Hemangioma Angiosarcoma
Lymph vessels Lymphangioma Lymphangiosarcoma
Synovium Synovial sarcoma
Mesothelium Mesothelioma
Brain coverings Meningioma Invasive meningioma
Blood Cells and Related Cells
Hematopoietic cells Leukemias
Lymphoid tissue Lymphomas
Muscle
Smooth Leiomyoma Leiomyosarcoma
Striated Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma
Tumors of Epithelial Origin
Stratified squamous Squamous cell papilloma Squamous cell carcinoma
Basal cells of skin or adnexa Basal cell carcinoma
Epithelial lining of glands or Adenoma Adenocarcinoma
ducts
Papilloma Papillary carcinomas
Cystadenoma Cystadenocarcinoma
Respiratory passages Bronchial adenoma Bronchogenic carcinoma
Renal epithelium Renal tubular adenoma Renal cell carcinoma
Liver cells Liver cell adenoma Hepatocellular carcinoma
Urinary tract epithelium Transitional-cell papilloma Transitional-cell carcinoma
(transitional)
1. Transcoelomic spread
iv. Implantation
Squamus cell carcinoma Squamus cell papiloma Squamous epithelium Parenchymal tissues