WDM Principle

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Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

 Foreword
 With the development of telecommunication, the requi
rements of the transmission capacity and service cate
gories are becoming bigger and bigger, under this bac
kground, WDM technology emerged.

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Page3
 Objectives
 Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:
 Describe the concepts, transmission modes and structure
of WDM;
 Classify the different types and characteristics of the
fiber;
 Outline the key technologies of WDM system;
 List the technical specifications for WDM system.

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Page4
 Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications

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Page5
 How to increase network capacity
？

 WDM
 Economical &
 TDM Mature & Quick
 STM-16→ STM-
 SDM
64
 Add fiber &
 Cost &
equipment
Complication
 Time & cost

Solution of capacity expansion

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Page6
 What's WDM ？

Gas Station

Free Way

Patrol Car

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Page7
 WDM Concept
 Different signals with specific wavelength are multip
lexed into a fiber for transmission.

1 1 2 n

SDH signal

IP package 2 ┉
ATM cells
┋
n

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Page8
 System Structure
 The overall structure of the WDM system of N-path wav
elength:
 Optical Transponder Unit (OTU)
 Optical Multiplexer Unit / Optical De-multiplexer Unit
(OMU/ODU)
 Optical Amplifier (OA)
OTU OTU
 Supervisory OChannel (OSC/ESC) O
M A
OTU / OLA / OTU
O O
OTU A D OTU

OSC OSC OSC

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Page9
 Transmission Modes
 Single fiber unidirectional transmission

MUX DMUX

M
O 4 0 O
T 0 4 T
U M U

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Page10
 Transmission Modes
 Single fiber bidirectional transmission

MUX/DMUX DMUX/MUX

M
O 4 0 O
T 0 4 T
U M U

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Page11
 Application Modes
 Open System

MUX DMUX

M
O 4 O
0
0
T 4 T
U M U

Client Client

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Page12
 Application Modes
 Integrated System

MUX DMUX

M
4
0
0
4
M

Client Client

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Page13
 Advantages of WDM
 Ultra high capacity
 Data transparency transmission
 Long haul transmission
 Compatible with existing optical fibers
 High performance-to-cost ratio
 High networking flexibility, economy and reliability
 Smooth expansion

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Page14
 CWDM Vs DWDM
 CWDM:
 Coarse Wavelength Division Mult
iplex

 DWDM:
 Dense Wavelength Division Multi
plex

ITU-T G.694.1
Extended C band 192chs, 25GHz spacing
C band 160chs Extended 32chs

196.075THz 192.100THz 192.075THz 191.300THz

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Page15
 Questions
 What are WDM, DWDM and CWDM?

 Difference between the two transmission modes

 Difference between the two application modes

 List the structure of the WDM system.

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Page16
 Summary
 Basic concepts and features of WDM, DWDM and CWDM;
 WDM system structure ;
 Transmission and application Modes of WDM system;

Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page17
 Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications

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Page18
 Structure of Optical Fiber
 Consists of a cylindrical glass core, a glass claddin
g and a plastic wear-resisting coating.

Refraction

n2 Cladding
θ

Reflection n1 Core

Coating

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Page19
 Attenuation
dB/km

Multi-mode
5
O E S C L U
4 band

3
（ 850~900nm ）

OH-
2

1
nm
900 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700

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Page20
 Dispersion
 Chromatic dispersion:

Power
Optical pulses

Transmitting Transmitting
L1 (km) L2 (km)

Time

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Page21
 Chromatic Dispersion
G.652:widely used, need G.653: Zero dispersion
dispersion compensation for at 1550nm window.
high rate transmission

Dispersion
coefficient

17ps/nm.km G.655

¦ Ë
1310nm
1550nm

G.655: Little dispersion

to avoid FWM.

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Page22
 Chromatic Dispersion Compensation
 The pulse will be broadened because of
 Positive dispersion coefficient at 1550nm window
 DCF has negative dispersion coefficient and can count
eract positive dispersion in transmission.
Dispersion
Coefficient G.652

wavelength
Normal DCF
DSCF: Dispersion Slope
Compensation Fiber

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Page23
 Polarization Mode Dispersion
 Polarization mode dispersion:

Fast

ellipse
core
The Profile
of fiber
Slow
Time Delay

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Page24
 Questions
 What’s difference between the refractive index of th
e cladding and core?

 What are the features of G.652, G.653 and G.655 fiber

s?

 How to compensate the chromatic dispersion?

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Page25
 Summary
 Structure of optical fiber
 Types of optical fiber
 Characteristics of optical fiber

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Page26
 Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications

Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page27
 WDM System Key Technologies

 Optical Source
 Optical Multiplexer
and Demultiplexer

Key Tech. in WDM

 Optical Amplifier
 Supervisory
Technologies

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Page28
 Requirements of Optical Source

1 Larger dispersion tolerance value

2 Standard and stable wavelength

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Page29
 Direct Modulator

LD

Modulation current

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Page30
 Electro-Absorption (EA) External Modu
lator

LD EA
DC
current drive ITU ¦ Ë

Modulation current

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Page31
 Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) External Modulator

Modulation current

LD
DC current ITU ¦ Ë
drive

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Page32
 Coherent Modulator and Receiver

 Coherent modulator:
 Step 1: The polarization beam splitter splits the laser
light into two polarizations (X-pol and Y-pol) that are
perpendicular to each other.

Photon polarizations
Split
Polarization signal
on the X-pol
Optical signal

Transmission Split
direction Polarization signal
on the X-pol

a. Laser signal (electromagnetic wave) b. Traverse the polarization c. Signals on the X-pol and
beam splitter Y-pol after being split

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Page33
 Coherent Modulator and Receiver

 Coherent modulator:
 Step 2: The polarization beam combiner combines the mod
ulated signal on the X-pol and that on the Y-pol onto t
he same fiber.

QPSK-modulated signal
on the X-pol

QPSK-modulated signal
on the Y-pol

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Page34
 Coherent Modulator and Receiver
 QPSK modulation technology:
28 Gbaud/s
I Signal Input Signal Output Phase
Pre- I Q θ
Data coder Cosωt
+ s(t) 0 0 π/4
Optical signal on
the X-pol Σ = I x Cosωt – Q x Sinωt = √2 Cos (ωt + θ) 0 1 3π/4
-
π/2
1 1 5π/4
28 Gbaud/s Pre- Sinωt
Data coder Q 1 0 7π/4

Schematic representation of the mapping

relationship (constellation diagram)
Code
stream Q
01 00
θ
I
I

11 10
Q
A constellation diagram shows the distribution of
signal vectors. Because a constellation diagram
can fully and clearly depict the signal mapping
relationship for digital modulation, digital
QPSK modulation is also called constellation
modulation.

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Page35
 Coherent Modulator and Receiver

 Coherent receiver:
 Step 3: At the receive end, the received signal light i
s divided into two. One is allocated to the x-pol and t
he other to the y-pol..

Split
polarization signal
on the x-pol

Split
polarization signal
on the y-pol

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Page36
 Comparison of Modulators

Coherent
Types Direct Modulator EA Modulator M-Z Modulator
Modulator
Max. dispersion
1200~4000 7200~12800 >12800 40000
toleration (ps/nm)
Cost moderate expensive very expensive very expensive
Wavelength
good better best best
Stability

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Page37
 Optical Amplifiers

EDFA Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

RFA Raman Fiber Amplifier

OA

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Page38
 Erbium Doped Fiber Amplifier

E3 excited state
Decay
1550nm E2 meta-stable state
signal light
Stimulated radiation

1550nm
signal light
980nm
pump light
E1 ground state

 Er3+ energy level diagram

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Page39
 Structure of EDFA

Signal input ISO Coupler ISO Signal Output

TAP TAP
EDF

Pumping laser

PD PD

ISO: Isolator
PD: Photon Detector

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Page40
 Features of EDFA

… Advantages … Disadvantages

 Consistent with the low

 Fixed gain range

attenuation window  Gain un-flatness

 High energy conversion  Optical surge problem
efficiency
 High gain with little cross-talk
 Good gain stability

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Page41
 Automatic Gain Control
λ 1 ~ λn

λ 1~ λ n Gain
EDF
Pin A Pout

Gain no change!

Gain = Pout / Pin is invariable

Input Power: Pin coupler EDF Output Power: Pout

splitter pump splitter

PIN PIN
DSP

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Page42
 Raman Fiber Amplifier
 Stimulated Raman Scattering
Gain
Pump

30nm
13THz

Gain
Pump1 Pump2 Pump3

30nm
70~100nm

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Page43
 Features of Raman

… Advantages … Disadvantages

 Flexible gain wavelength

 High pump power, low
efficiency and high cost;
 Simple structure
 Components & fiber
 Nonlinear effect can be reduced;
undertake the high power;
 Low noise

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Page44
 Application of OA

OTU OTU
M M M MD
4U OA OA
4 OA4 4M
U
0X 0 0 0X
OTU OTU

Booster amplifier Line Amplifier Pre-amplifier

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Page45
 Optical Multiplexer and Demultiple
xer

TFF Thin Film Filter

AWG Arrayed Waveguide Grating

λ1 λ1 λ 2 λn λ1 λ2 λn λ1
λ2
λ2 λn
λn

Multiplexer Demultiplexer

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Page46
 Thin Film Filter

λ 1 - λ4 λ1 filter

Self-focusing lens
λ1

λ3 filter
λ2

λ3

λ4 Glass

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Page47
 Arrayed Waveguide Grating

Arrayed of waveguides 1…n

λ1

λ1,λ2… λn λn
Arrayed of fibers

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Page48
 Supervisory Technologies

OSC Optical Supervisory Channel Technology

ESC Electrical Supervisory Channel Technology

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Page49
 Optical Supervisory Channel
 Requirements:
 Operating wavelength should be different from the pump
ing wavelength of OA.
 Operating wavelength should not take 1310nm window.
 Available when OA fails;
 Suitable for long distance transmission.

OSC OSC
F F
OTU1 I I
0
S OTU1 S
OTU2 M U U
4
OTU2 C
C
C OTU3 4 M OTU3 C
OTU4 0 OTU4

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Page50
 Typical frame structure of OSC

TS0 TS1 TS2 TS3 …… TS14 TS15 TS16 …… TS31

TS0 FA TS17 F2 byte

TS1 E1 byte TS18 F3 byte

TS2 F1 byte TS19 E2 byte

TS14 ALC byte Others Reserved

TS3-TS13, TS15 D1-D12 bytes

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Page51
 Electrical Supervisory Channel
 Features:
 Simple structure & cost saving
 Redundancy supported
 Improve power budget
 Reduce system complexity

OTU1
0
S OTU1 S
OTU2 M 4
OTU2
C C
C OTU3 4 M OTU3 C
OTU4 0 OTU4

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Page52
 Questions
 What is the mechanism of electro-absorption modulatio
n?

 How many types of multiplexer are there used for WDM?

 What is the difference between EDFA and Raman?

 What are the working wavelength and bit rate of OSC s

ignal?
Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.
Page53
 Summary
 Optical source
 Optical amplifier
 Optical multiplexer
 Supervisory technologies

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Page54
 Contents
1. WDM Overview
2. Transmission Media
3. Key Technologies
4. Technical Specifications

Copyright © 2012 Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd. All rights reserved.

Page55
 Related ITU-T recommendations
 G.652 Characteristics of a single-mode optical fiber cable
 G.655 Characteristics of a dispersion-shifted SMF
 G.661/G.662/G.663 Relevant recommendations of OA
 G.671 Characteristics of passive optical components
 G.957 Optical interfaces relating to SDH system
 G.691 Optical interfaces for single channel STM-64, STM-256 systems
and other SDH systems with OA
 G.692 Optical interfaces for multi-channel systems with OA
 G.709 Interfaces for the optical transport network (OTN)
 G.975 Forward error correction for submarine systems (FEC)

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Page56
 Transmission Channel Reference Poi
nts

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Page57
 Distribution of Optical Wavelength Ar
eas
 Nominal central frequency refers to the central wavelength
corresponding to each channel in WDM systems. Channel freq
uency allowed in G.692 is based on frequency and spacing s
eries of reference frequency 193.1THz and minimum spacing
100GHz , 50GHz or 25GHz.

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Page58
 Questions
 Which are the ITU-T recommendations involved for WDM
part?

 What is the absolute reference frequency for WDM syst

ems?

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Page59
Thank you
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