CELL

STRUCTURE
BY: SHEMARA PAUL
A TYPICAL ANIMAL CELL AS SEEN UNDER A
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
A TYPICAL PLANT CELL AS SEEN UNDER A
LIGHT MICROSCOPE
DRAWINGS AND ELECTRON
MICROGRAPHS OF THE
STRUCTURE OF MEMBRANE
SYSTEMS AND ORGANELLES
OF TYPICAL ANIMAL AND
PLANT CELLS
ROUGH AND SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM
 ROUGH AND SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM

Endoplasmic reticulum can exist in two forms; rough ER and smooth ER.
These two types of ER perform some very different functions and can be found
in very different amounts depending on the type of cell.
On the rough endoplasmic reticulum, are organelles called ribosomes which
give it a “rough”look. These ribosomes are the site of protein synthesis.
The lack of these ribosomes on the smooth ER makes it look smooth compared
to the rough ER.
GOLGI BODY
 GOLGI BODY

The Golgi apparatus looks like stacked flattened discs, almost like stacks of oddly
shaped pancakes.
The Golgi apparatus has two distinct sides, each with a different role.
MITOCHONDRIA
 MITOCHONDRIA

Mitochondria consist of an outer lipid bilayer membrane as well as an additional

inner lipid bilayer membrane. The inner membrane is highly folded into winding
structures with a great deal of surface area, called cristae.
RIBOSOMES
 RIBOSOMES
• Situated in two areas of the cytoplasm.
• They are seen scattered in the cytoplasm and a few are connected to the
endoplasmic reticulum.
• Ribosomes are made of proteins and ribonucleic acid (RNA), in almost equal
amounts.
• It comprises of two sections, known as subunits.
• The tinier subunit is the place the RNA binds and it decodes, whereas the
bigger subunit is the place the amino acids are included.
LYSOSOMES
 LYSOSOMES

• Commonly known as vacuoles

• Lysosomes are spherical bodies that are enclosed by a single membrane.
• Lysosomes contain different hydrolytic enzymes, such as proteases, lipases,
and nucleases that are capable of breaking down all types of biological
polymers.
CHLOROPLASTS
 CHLOROPLASTS

• The chloroplast has an inner and outer membrane with an empty

intermediate space in between.
• Inside the chloroplast are stacks of thylakoids, called grana, as well as stroma,
the dense fluid inside of the chloroplast. 
CELL MEMBRANE
 CELL MEMBRANE
• Phospholipids are a main component of the cell membrane. These are lipid
molecules made up of a phosphate group head and two fatty acid tails.
• The technical term for this double layer of phospholipids that forms the cell
membrane is a phospholipid bilayer.
• The cell membrane contains glycolipids and sterols. One important sterol is
cholesterol. When there is less cholesterol, membranes become more fluid, but also
more permeable to molecules.
• Proteins make up about half of the cell membrane.
• The cell membrane has a fluid consistency due to being made up in large part of
phospholipids.
CELL MEMBRANE
NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
 NUCLEAR ENVELOPE
• The nuclear envelope consists of two lipid bilayer membranes, an inner
nuclear membrane, and an outer nuclear membrane.
• The space between the membranes is called the perinuclear space. This space
is normally 20-40 nm wide.
• The nuclear envelope has lots of pores to allow movement of materials from
the cystol (cytoplasm) to the nucleus.
• Two sets of intermediate filaments provide support for the nuclear envelope.
CENTRIOLES
 CENTRIOLES
• Centrioles are a group of microtubules arranged in a specific way. There aare
nine groups of microtubules.
• They are found in pairs.
• Centrioles are typically made up of nine sets of short microtubule triplets,
arranged in a cylinder.
NUCLEUS
 NUCLEUS
• This organelle is everything enclosed in the nuclear membrane. It is the
largest organelle in the animal cell.
• In it is a fluid called the nucleoplasm.
• The nucleus houses chromosomes.
NUCLEOLUS
 NUCLEOLUS

• This structure is made up of proteins and ribonucleic acids (RNA), and is the
largest structure in the nucleus.
• There is an uninterrupted chain between the nucleoplasm and the interior
parts of the nucleolus, which occurs through a system of nucleolar passages.
• The fibrillary center is where transcription of rDNA occurs.
• The dense fibrillary center contain protein, which is involved in ribosome
biogenesis.
• Before ribosomes are formed, GC (granular component) has rRNA that binds
to ribosomal proteins.
THE FUNCTION OF MEMBRANE
SYSTEMS AND ORGANELLES
 THE FUNCTION OF EACH MEMBRANE
SYSTEM AND ORGANELLE.
• Rough endoplasmic reticulum- this organelle aid in the production of protein.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum- this organelle makes cellular products such as
hormones and lipids.
• The Golgi body/apparatus- this organelle makes, processes and package
proteins.
• Mitochondria- this organelle, commonly known as the power house of the
cell, makes energy out of food.
• Ribosomes- this organelle makes protein
• Lysosomes- this organelle contains digestive enzymes to help break food
down
 THE FUNCTION OF EACH MEMBRANE
SYSTEM AND ORGANELLE. (CONT’D)
• Chloroplast- this organelle, found only in plant cells, makes chlorophyll which aids in
photosynthesis.
• Cell membrane- this organelle surrounds and separates the cell from it surrounding
environment (is the outer layer of the animal cell).
• Nuclear envelope- this organelle surrounds and supports the nucleus. It also allows for
movement of material from the cell into the nucleus (vice versa).
• Centrioles- this organelles helps in cell division in animal cells. It helps in the formation
of spindle fibers.
• Nucleus- this organelle is commonly know as the brain of the cell. It directs activities
and contains genetic materials.
• Nucleolus- this organelle rewrites ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with
proteins. rewrite ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and combine it with proteins. 
 COMPARISON OF THE TYPICAL PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL
Differences

The most obvious difference between plant and animal cell is its shape. Plant
cell are commonly shaped like rectangles or other shapes with corners, while
the animal cell is most commonly a circle.
Plant cells have a cell wall and a cell membrane, while the animal cell has only a
cell membrane.
The plant cell contains chloroplast, so as the carry out photosynthesis, which the
animal cell obviously doesn’t need.
 COMPARISON OF THE TYPICAL PLANT AND
ANIMAL CELL
Similarities

• Both of these cells are important for the normal function of organisms.
• Both plant and animal cells have a cell membrane, mitochondria, endoplasmic
reticulum, Golgi body and nucleus.
• The two cell both have cell vacuole, even though the plant has one large one
and the animal cell has several smaller ones.
 THE STRUCTURE OF A PROKARYOTIC CELLS

Prokaryotes are unicellular (one celled) organisms. The most common bacteria
shapes are spherical, rod-shaped. These organisms do not contain complex bodily
systems. Instead they contain:
• A cell wall
• Cell membrane
• Capsule- this extra layer, found over the cell wall, helps the cell to retain moisture
when it becomes engulfed by other organisms and protects the cell
 THE STRUCTURE OF A PROKARYOTIC CELLS

• Pilus- this hair like structure helps the cell to attach itself to other bacterial
cells
• Ribosomes
• Chromosomal DNA
• Flagellum- this whip like structure help the cell with locomotion
• Cytoplasm-  a gel-like substance composed mainly of water that also contains
enzymes, salts, cell components, and various organic molecules.
THE STRUCTURE OF A PROKARYOTIC CELLS
COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC CELL WITH
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
The endosymbiotic theory

The theory states that a prokaryotic cell was consumed or engulfed by a larger
cell. By some unknown reason, the prokaryotic organelle was not consumed.
Such lack of consumption would later lead to both cells forming a mutualism,
receiving surviving benefits from each other. Over time, the newly combined
organelle would develop into the complex eukaryotic cell of today.
 COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC CELL WITH
EUKARYOTIC CELLS

• A eukaryotic cell is typically larger than a prokaryotic cell.

• It has a true nucleus (meaning its DNA is surrounded by a membrane).
• has other membrane-bound organelles that allow for compartmentalization
of functions.
• Eukaryotic cells tend to be 10 to 100 times the size of prokaryotic cells, while
prokaryotic cells are typically 0.1-0.5 micrometers.
COMPARISON OF PROKARYOTIC CELL WITH
EUKARYOTIC CELLS
 THE CONCEPTS OF TISSUE AND ORGAN

• Groups of cells carrying out a similar function are known as tissue.

• Organs are structures made up of two or more tissues, organized to carry out
a particular function.

• A group of organs make up an organ system

THE CONCEPTS OF TISSUE AND ORGAN
 PLAN DRAWINGS SHOWING THE
DISTRIBUTION OF TISSUES WITHIN AN
ORGAN
 PLAN DRAWINGS SHOWING THE
DISTRIBUTION OF TISSUES WITHIN AN
ORGAN
 PLAN DRAWINGS SHOWING THE
DISTRIBUTION OF TISSUES WITHIN AN
ORGAN
The vascular system of the root contains two types of tissues here, the phloem,
which takes the products of photosynthesis from the leaves down into the roots,
and the xylem, which takes water and minerals from the roots up into the rest
of the plant.
Apical meristem tissue is located at the tips of roots and supplies the cells for an
increase in length.
The root cap contains cells responsible for gravity detection. They respond to
light, and also to pressure from soil particles.
THIS HAS BROUGHT ME TO THE END
OF THIS PRESENTATION.

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