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 Topic
Bio Polymers

 Definition:
Biopolymers are natural polymers produced by living organisms; in other
words, they are polymeric biomolecules derived from cellular or extracellular matter.
Biopolymers contain monomeric units that are covalently bonded to form larger
structures.
The prefix ‘bio’ means they are biodegradable materials produced by living organisms.
A wide variety of materials usually derived from biological sources such as
microorganisms, plants, or trees can be described using the term “biopolymer”.
For Example:
Examples of biopolymers include rubber, suberin, melanin and lignin.
 Common biopolymers
 Collagen
 Silk fibroin
 Gelatin
 Starch
 Cellulose
 Alginate
 Poly(e-Caprolactone) (PCL)
Types of Biopolymers:
There are main three types of biopolymer.
 Polypeptide
 Polynucleotides
 Polysaccharides
 WHAT IS POLYPEPTIDE?
 A polypeptide is a chain of amino acids. Amino acids bond together with peptide
bonds in order to form a polypeptide. The n-terminal (amino terminal) is located
at one end of the polypeptide while the c-terminal (carboxyl terminal) is located
at its other end.

 Polypeptides make proteins by bonding together various amino acids. ... The
other name for polypeptide is an amino acid polymer. They are chains of
monomers and subunits linked together by a chemical bond. A single chain of a
polypeptide is called simple protein.

 Examples of polypeptides are insulin and growth hormone.

 HOW POLYPEPTIDES ARE MADE?

 Proteins(polypeptides) are formed through formation of peptide bonds between

amino acid.
 An amino group from one residue forms an amide bond with carboxyl of second
residue.
 Here condensation polymerization take place and water molecule is eliminated.
 APPLICATIONS OF POLYPEPTIDES

 Biomaterial application of polypeptides:

 Polypeptides are used in gene delivery, biomedical imaging, drug delivery.
 Types of polypeptides and their applications:
 Polypeptides hydrogels; are used for tissue engineering
 Polypeptides membranes; for therapeutic delivery
 polypeptides adhesives; for use as surgical sealants
 Antimicrobial polypeptides; for treatment against infectious diseases
 Immune modulating polypeptides; for treatment of autoimmune disorders.
 WHAT IS POLYNUCLEOTIDES?

 Definition:
“A polynucleotide molecule is a biopolymer composed of 13 or more nucleotide
monomers covalently bonded in a chain.”
 Polynucleotides are formed by covalent linkages between the phosphate of one
nucleotide and the sugar of another, resulting in phosphodiester linkages. The
name of this polynucleotide comes from the sugar ribonucleic acid.
 A nucleotide is regarded as the basic building block of nucleic acid polymers (e.g.
DNA and RNA).
 STRUCTURE OF POLYNUCLEOTIDES
 Nucleotides are joined together by covalent bonds between the phosphate group of
one nucleotide and the third carbon atom of the pentose sugar in the next
nucleotide. This produces an alternating backbone of sugar - phosphate - sugar -
phosphate all along the polynucleotide chain.
 APPLICATIONS OF POLYNUCLEOTIDES

 polynucleotides have a large number of applications.

 Polynucleotides are used in biochemical experiments such as polymerase chain
reaction or DNA sequencing.
 Polynucleotide chain provide the structural and functional basis for encoding and
decoding of genetic information
 Polynucleotides are made artificially from oligonucleotides ,smaller nucleotides
chain with generally fewer than 30 subunits.
 The complementary base pairing holds the key to copying genetic information in the
process of DNA replication and transcription.
 WHAT IS POLYSACCHARIDES
 Definition:
A polysaccharide is a large molecule made of many smaller
monosaccharaides. Monosaccharaides are simple sugars, like glucose. Special
enzymes bind these small monomers together creating large sugar polymers, or
polysaccharides.
A molecule with a straight chain of monosaccharaides is called a linear
polysaccharide, while a chain that has arms and turns is known as a branched
polysaccharide.
For example:
 Cellulose
 Chitin
 Glycogen
 Starch
 STRUCTURE OF POLYSACCHARIDE
 All polysaccharides are formed by the same basic process: monosaccharaides are
connected via glycoside bonds. When in a polysaccharide, individual
monosaccharaides are known as residues. Seen below are just some of the many
monosaccharaides created in nature. Depending on the polysaccharide, any
combination of them can be combined in series.
 APPLICATIONS OF POLYSACCHARIDES
Polysaccharides have a large number of application in biomedical ,agricultural and industrial field .
 Applications of polysaccharides in the field of bio medical

 Polysaccharides are used in drug delivery.

 Polysaccharides are used in wound dressing.
 Polysaccharides are used in biosensors
 Applications of polysaccharides in the field of agriculture
 Used in water storage granules.
 Used in controlled release of pesticides
 Applications of polysaccharides in the field of industries
 Used in food industries
 Used in corrosion inhibitors
 Used in wastewater treatment
 Used in chromatography
 Used in cosmetic industries