2.shear Force and Bending Moment

Shear Force & Bending
Moment
Beam
• Beam - slender bar that carries transverse loading;
• the applied force are perpendicular to the bar.
• The internal force system consist of a shear force and a bending
moment acting on the cross section of the bar.
• The shear force and the bending moment usually vary continuously
along the length of the beam.
• The internal forces give rise to two kinds of stresses on a transverse
section of a beam:
(1) normal stress that is caused by bending moment and
(2) shear stress due to the shear force.

• To compute stresses and deformations,knowing the distribution of
Shear force
• Shear force at any section of a beam is define as the “Net
vertical force or unbalanced vertical force on either
side of the section”. It is the algebric sum of all vertical
components on either left side or right side of the section.
The effect of shear force is to cut the member at a
section, e.g. similar effect like scissor cutting the page.
Shear force
Sign convention
• the sum of vertical forces on right side acting downward

and on left side acting upward is considered as positive
shear force. In other words clockwise shear is considered
as positive. And opposite to these if sum of vertical
forces on right side of the section acting upward and left
side of section acting downward or anticlockwise shear
is considered as negative shear force.
Sign convention
Sign convention
• Sign Convention for Shear Force:

• The usual sign conventions to be followed for the
shear forces have been illustrated in figures 2 and 3.
Fig 2: Positive Shear
Force
Fig 3: Negative Shear Force
Bending Moment
• The moment which tends to bend the beam in plane

of load is known as bending moment. In other word
bending moment at any section of a beam is the “Net
or unbalanced moment due to all forces on either
side of the section”. It is the algebric sum of moment
due to all forces on either right or left side of the
section. The effect of bending moment is to bend the
element.
Sign Convention
• If the sum of moment on right side is anticlockwise

and on left side clockwise, it is considered as positive
bending moment. It is also called as sagging bending
moment. It will cause compression at top and tension
at the bottom surface. The opposite of this, i.e.. the
sum of moment on right side is clockwise and on left
side anticlockwise, it is considered as negative
bending moment. It is also known as hogging
bending moment. It will cause tension on top surface
and compression on the bottom surface.
Sign convention
Sign Conventions for the Bending Moment
• For the bending moment, following sign conventions

may be adopted as indicated in fig.
Positive Bending
Moment
Negative Bending Moment
TYPES OF BEAMS
1.CANTILEVER BEAM
2.SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM
3.OVERHANGING BEAM
4.FIXED BEAM
5.CONTINUOUS BEAM
TYPES OF LOAD
1.CONCENTRATED LOAD /POINT LOAD
2.UNIFORMLY DISTRIBUTED LOAD
3.UNIFORMLY VARYING LOAD
Important points for drawing shear force and bending moment diagram
1.Consider the left or right portion of the section

2.Add the forces (including reaction) normal to the beam on one of the portion. If the right
portion of the section is chosen ,a force on the right portion acting downwards is positive
while force acting upwards is negative.
If the left portion of the section is chosen ,a force on the left portion acting upwards is
positive while force acting downwards is negative.
3.The positive values of shear force and bending moment are plotted above the base line and
negative values below the base line.
4.The shear force diagram will increase or decrease suddenly by a vertical straight line at a
section where there is a vertical point load.
5.The shear force between any two vertical loads will be constant and hence the shear force
diagram between the two vertical loads will be horizontal.
6.The bending moment at the two supports of a simply supported beam and at the free end of a
cantilever beam will be zero.

Cantilever
Beam Case –I
Point load
P
Ma
R aH
A B
Lm
R aV
Case –I Point load
• Consider a cantilever beam AB of length L with

fixed support at A and B is free end and
subjected to vertical downward point load ‘P’
at point B. At fixed end ‘A’ there are three
reaction , one vertical, one horizontal, and one
moment. These reactions can be calculated by
using conditions of equilibrium.
Applying conditions of equilibrium
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0
• As there is no other horizontal force therefore
• R aH = 0
• Applying second condition of equilibrium,
• ΣF y = 0, we get
R av
= P --------------------I
••
• Applying third condition of equilibrium,

• ΣM a = 0, we get,
• Ma= P x L
• Thus for a Cantilever beam carrying
point load at the end , the reactions are
• R aH= 0
• R aV = P
• Ma= PL
Shear Force Diagram/ Bending Moment
Diagram
• To calculate internal forces, take section at
distance x from B, now as per definition of shear
force, shear force at X is unbalanced vertical force
on right or left of the section.
• Therefore SF x= + P -----------------------I
• Similarly as per definition of bending moment,
bending moment at section X is the algebric sum
of moments to the left or right of the section.
• BM x= -P x II
Shear force diagram/ Bending moment
diagram
• From the equation of shear force at x, it is
observed that the shear force is constant. i.e..
independent of x and so, value of shear force
at any point between A & B remains P.
Similarly from the equation of bending

moment at ‘x’ it is observed that bending
moment is directly proportional to distance
and so at point B where x is zero, bending
moment is zero and at point A where x= L,
bending moment is – PL.
P
Ma
R aH
A B
Lm
X
P
PL
R aV X
0
A B
Lm
X
P
P
PL R aV X
A B
Lm
X
P P
A B
S.F.
D
A B
PL
B.M.D
Beam Case –II
Uniformly
Distributed
Load
fixed support at A and B is free end and
subjected to uniformly distributed load. At
fixed end ‘A’ there are three reaction , one
vertical, one horizontal, and one moment.
These reactions can be calculated by using
conditions of equilibrium.
Uniformly Distributed Load
Ma
W KN/m
R aH
A B
Lm
R aV X
WL2/2
W KN/m
0
A B
Lm
X
WL
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0
• R aH = 0
Rav = WL --------------------I
• Ma= W x L x L/2
• Thus for a Cantilever beam
carrying uniformly distributed load, the
reactions are
• R aH= 0
• R aV = WL
• Ma= WL2/2
Shear Force Diagram/ Bending Moment Diagram
• To calculate internal forces, take section at
distance x from B, now as per definition of shear
force, shear force at X is unbalanced vertical force
on right or left of the section.
• Therefore SF x= + W x -----------------------I
• Similarly as per definition of bending moment,
bending moment at section X is the algebraic sum
of moments to the left or right of the section.
• BM x= -W x2/2 II
Shear force diagram/ Bending moment
diagram
Ma
W KN/m
R aH
A B
Lm
R aV X
WL /2
2
W KN/m
0
A B
Lm
X
WL
X
WL2/2
W KN/m
0
A B
Lm
WL
X
WL
+
A B
S.F.
D
-
WL2/2
Paraboli
c Curve
B.M.D
Case-III
Moment
end A as fixed and B as free and subjected to
couple M in clockwise direction at end B.
• Reaction at support can be found using
equilibrium conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0
• R aH = 0
Rav = 0
• Ma= M
Shear force/ Bending moment diagram
• Shear force at section X, at a distance x from B,
SFx = 0 as there is no vertical load on either side
of the section.
• Bending moment at section X,
• BM x= -M----------------------------I
• As shear force is zero at all the point of beam,
shear force diagram is only a line indicating zero
shear force at all points.
• As the equation of bending moment shows the
value of bending moment constant at all points,
so bending moment diagram will be a rectangle.
Moment
M
A B
Lm
X
Ma
X M
A B
Lm
X
Ma X
M
A B
Lm
X
P
A B
S.F.
D
A B
M - M
B.M.D
Case-IV
Uniformly varying
load
A end as fixed and B end as free and
subjected to vertically downward uniformly
varying load with zero intensity at free end
and w/ unit length at fixed .
Cantilever beam carrying
Uniformly varying load
Ma W KN / m
R aH
L
m
R aV
• Reaction at support can be found using equilibrium
conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0
• R aH = 0
• Rav = ½ W x L
Applying third condition of equilibrium,
• Ma= ½ W x L x L/3
• Ma= WL2/6
• Total load of triangle acts in the centre of the
triangle and is at L/3 from A and 2/3L from B,
so moment due to triangular load at A is total
load of triangle multiplied by distance of
centre from A.
• WL/2 x L/3= W L2/6--------------------I
• For calculation of SF and BM, consider only triangular
load, while on left side of the section there are
reactions, and trapezoidal load. So calculation from
right side is comparatively easy.
• Now at distance L height of triangle is W so at distance
x i.e.. at section x height of triangle or intensity of load
is Wx/L,
• Now shear force at a section will be
• SFx= ½ WX /L x X
• SFx= WX2/2L-------------------I
• Substituting the value of X= 0, we get
• SF x= 0 at Free end
• Substituting the value of X= L, we get
• SF X=WL/2 at Fixed End
Shear force and bending moment
diagram
X
M a= WL2/6 W KN / m X
R aH= 0
Lm
X
Wx/L
R aV= WL/2
X Paraboli
W L/2 c Curve
+
A B
S.F.
D
Bending Moment
• Bending moment at x is BMx= - (WX/L x X/2) x

(X/3)
• BMx= Wx3/6L--------------------------II
• Substituting value of x i.e.. for point B, x= 0
and for point A, x=L in equation of shear force
and bending moment and shear force value
can be calculated.
• BM x at free end= 0
• BM x at fixed end= WL2/6
M a= WL2/6 W KN / m X
R aH= 0
Lm
R aV= WL/2
X Paraboli
W L/2 c Curve
+
A B
S.F.
D
-
WL /6
2
Cubic
B.M.D
Curve
Example
• A cantilever beam ABC with end A fixed and

subjected to point loads at B & C. Calculate
the values of shear force and bending
moment at all important points and draw
shear force and bending moment diagrams.
Example
20 KN 15 KN
A B C
3m 2m
Reactions
conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0
• R aH = 0
• RΣF = 0,
= 20we
+ 15
get
av y
•
• Rav= 35 KN
• Ma= 20 x 3 + 15 x 5
• Ma= 135 KN.m
M a= 135 kN.m 20 KN 15 KN
R aH= 0
A B C
3m Lm 2m
R aV= 35 KN
35 KN 35 KN
+
15 KN 15 KN
A B C 0 KN
SFD
• SF calculation
• SF Rc= 0 KN
• SF Lc= 15 KN
• SF Rb= 15 KN
• SF Lb= 15 + 20
• SF Lb= 35 KN
• SF Ra= 35 KN
• SF La= 35 -35= 0
M a= 135 kN.m 20 KN 15 KN
R aH= 0
A B C
3m Lm 2m
R aV= 35 KN
A 3m B 2m C
30 KNm
BMD
135 KNm
Bending Moment Calculation
• For Point load, calculate bending moment at

the point where it acts,
• B M c= 0
• BM b = -15 x 2 = - 30 KNm
• BM Ra= -15 x 5- 20 x 3= -135 KNm
• BM La= -15 x 5 – 20 x 3+135= 0
Example
A cantilever beam ABCD with fixed support at A
and subjected to UDL on BC section. Calculate the
values of shear force and bending moment at all
important points and draw shear force and
bending moment diagrams.
Example
10 KN
5 KN/m
A B C C
1m 4m 2m
Reactions
• Applying conditions of equilibrium
conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0
• R aH = 0
= 5 x 4 + 10
ΣF y = 0, we get
• R av
•
• Rav= 30 KN
• Ma= 10 x 7 + 5 x4 x3
• Ma= 130 KN.m
Reactions
M a= 130 kN.m 10 KN
5 KN/m
R aH= 0 A B C D
1m 4m 2m
R aV= 30 KN
Shear force diagram
M a= 130 kN.m 10 KN
5 KN/m
R aH= 0 A B C D
1m 4m 2m
R aV= 30 KN
30 KN 30 KN
10 KN 10 KN
+
0 KN
A B C D
SFD
Shear force diagram
• Calculate shear force on both sides of

concentrated force i.e.. at DR, DL, AR and AL
• And at beginning and at end of uniformly
distributed load i.e.. B & C.
• SF DR= 0
• SF DL= 10 KN
• SF C= 10 KN
• SF B= 10 + 5 x 4= 30 KN
• SF AR= 10 + 20= 30 KN
• SF AL= 30 – 30= 0 KN
Bending Moment
Diagram
M a= 130 kN.m 10 KN
5 KN/m
R aH= 0 A B C D
1m 4m 2m
R aV= 30 KN
D
B C
0 KN.m
20 KN.m Straight
line
B 100 KN.m
Paraboli
130 KN.m Straight BMD c Curve
line
Bending Moment Diagram
• Calculate bending moment at the points where

concentrated load acts, i.e.. at beginning and at
end of udl i. e. at C and B and at AR and AL
• BMD= 0
• B M C= -10 x 2= -20 KNm
• BM B=-10 x 6 – (5 x 4 x 3)= -100 KNm
• BM AR= -10 x 7- ( 5 x 4 x 3)= -130 KNm
• BM AL= -130 + 130= 0
Example
• Draw shear force and bending moment

diagram for beam shown in fig (GTU 2009)
20 KN 30 KN
10 KN/m
A B C D E
3m 4m 2m
2m
Reactions
conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0
• R aH = 0
• RΣF = 0,
= 30we
+ 20
get+ 10 x 4
av y
•
• Rav= 90 KN
• Ma= 10 x 4 x 5 + 20 x 5 + 30 x 9
• Ma= 570 KN.m
Reactions
M a= 570 kN.m 20 KN 30 KN
10 KN/m
R aH= 0 A B C D E
3m 4m 2m
2m
R aV=90 KN
Shear force diagram
• SF Calculations:
• SF ER= 0
• SF EL= + 30 KN
• SF D= 30 KN
• SF CR= 30 + 10 x 2= 50 KN
• SF CL= 30 + 10 x 2 + 20 = 70 KN
• SF B= 30 + 10 x 4 + 20 = 90 KN
• SF AR= 90 KN
• SF AL= 0 KN
20
M a= 570 kN.m 30 KN
KN
10 KN/m
A B C D E
3m 4m 2m
2m
R aV=90 KN
90 KN 90 KN
70 KN
50 KN 30 KN
30 KN
+
0 KN
A B C D E
SFD
20 KN 30
KN
10 KN/m
A B C D E
3m 4m 2m
2m
E
- D
60
KN.m
C
B 140 KN.m
300 KN.m
BMD
Paraboli
Straight c Curve
570 KN.m line
A
Bending moment diagram
• BM Calculation:
• BM E= 0
• BM D= -30 x 2= -60 KN m
• BM C= -30 x 4 – 10 x 42 x 1= -140 KN m
• BM B= -30 x 6 – 10 x 4 x 2 – 20 x 2= -300 KN m
• BM AR= -30 x 9 -10 x 4 x 5 -20 x 5= - 570 KN m
• BM AL= -30 x 9 -10 x 4 x 5 -20 x 5+570= 0KN m
Example
• A Cantilever beam ABCD with fixed support at

A and subjected to uniformly varying load and
concentrated load as shown in fig. Calculate
shear force, bending moment at all important
points and draw SFD and BMD.
Example
15 KN
Ma 10 KNm
R aH A B C D
2m 3m 1m
R aV
Reactions
conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0
• R aH = 0
• RΣF = 0,
= ½we10 get
x 3 + 15
av y
•
• Rav= 30 KN
• Ma= ½ x 10 x 3 x ( 2 / 3 x 3+2) + 15 x 6
• Ma= 150 KN.m
Reactions
15 KN
M a= 150 KNm 10 KNm
R aH= 0
A 2m B 3m C 1m D
R aV= 30 KN
Shear force diagram
• SF Calculation:
• SF DR= 0
• SF DL= + 15 KN
• SF C= 15 KN
• SF B= 15 + ( ½ 10 x 3) = + 30 KN
• SF AR= + 15 + ( ½ 10 x 3) = + 30 KN
• SF AL= + 30 – 30= 0
Shear Force Diagram
10 KNm 15 KN
M a= 150 KNm
R aH= 0 A B C D
2m 3m 1m
Parabolic
30 KN 30 KN Curve
15 KN 15 KN
0 KN
A B C D
SFD
Bending Moment
• Bending moment calculation:
• BM D= 0
• BM C= -15 x 1= -15 KN m
• BM B = - 15 x 4 – [ ½ 10 x 3 x ( 2/3 x 3)] = -90
KN m
• BM AR= - 15 x 6 – [ ½ 10 x 3 x ( 2 + 2/3 x 3)]
=-150 KN m
• BM AL= - 15 x 6 – [ ½ 10 x 3 x ( 2 + 2/3 x 3)]+ 150
=0 KN
m
15
M a= 150 KNm 10 KNm KN
R aH= 0
A B C D
2m 3m 1m
A B C D
15 KN.m
90 KN.m
Cubic Curve
Straight BMD
150 KN.m
line
Example
• A Cantilever beam ABCD is having fixed end at

A. A horizontal load is acting on beam through
rigid bracket at B, and uniformly distributed
load on CD as shown in fig. Calculate value of
shear force & bending moment at all
important points
Example
20 KN
20 KN/m
0.5 m
A B
2m 1m C 3m D
M a= 280 KN m
10 KN m
20 KN/m
20 KN 0.5 m 20 KN
R aH= -20 KN A B
2m 1m C 3m D
FBD
R aV= 60 KN
FBD
M a= 280 KN m
10 KN m
20 KN/m
20 KN
R aH= -20 KN A B
2m 1m C 3m D
FBD
R aV= 60 KN
Reactions
• As on the beam load is acting through bracket at B, first the effect of load
on beam ar B is to be calculated. The horizontal load acting at some
distance from axis of beam at pt B, horizontal load of 20 KN at B will
accompany a couple of 20 x 0.5 = 10 KNm.
• Reaction at support can be found using equilibrium conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =-20 KN
• R av = 20 x 3
• Rav= 60 KN
• Ma= 20 x 3 x 4.5 + 10
• Ma= 280 KN.m
Shear Force Diagram
• Shear force Calculation:

• SF D= 0
• SF C= 20 x 3 = 60 KN
• SF B= 60 KN
• SF AR= 60 KN
• SF AL= 0
Shear Force Diagram
M a= 280 KN m
10 KN m
20 KN/m
20 KN
R aH= -20 KN A B
2m 1m C 3m D
FBD
R aV= 60 KN
60 KN 60 KN
0 KN
A B C D
SFD
• Bending Moment Calculation:

• BM D=0
• BM C= - ( 20 x 3 x 3/2)= -90 KN m
• BM BR= - ( 20 x 3 x ( 1 + 3/2))= -150 KN m
• BM BL= - 150 -10= -160 KN m
• BM AR= - ( 20 x 3 x ( 3 + 3/2)- 10)= -280 KN m
• BM AL= -280 + 280= 0
M a= 280 KN m
10 KN m
20 KN/m
20 KN
R aH= -20 KN A B
2m 1m C 3m D
FBD
R aV= 60 KN
A B C D
0 KN m
-
90 KN m
150 KN m
160 KN m
Paraboli
280 KN m Straight BMD
c Curve
Axial load diagram
A B C D
20 KN Tension
AFD
Simply supported Beam
• A beam with hinge support at one end and

roller support at the other end and subjected
to transverse load is known as simply
supported beam
Case-I Point Load
• Consider a simply supported beam ABC with

hinge support at A, roller support at C and
subjected to vertical download concentrated
load of ‘P’ at point B which is at ‘a’ distance
from support A and at ‘b’ distance from
support C. Distance between support A and C
is ‘L’ which is known as span of the beam.
Case-I Point Load
P
a b
L
P
RAH a b c
RB
RAV a b
L
Reactions
conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R AH =0 KN
• RΣF y +=R0,B=
weP---------------------------I
get
AV
•
• = P x a- RB x L
• RB= Pa/L , substituting the value in eq-I
• RAV= P- Pa/L
• RAV= P b/L
• Therefore,
• RAV= Pa/L
• R = Pb/L
Shear force Diagram
• Shear force Calculation:

• SF CR= 0
• SF CL= -Pa/L
• SF BR= -Pa/L
• SF BL= -Pa/L+ P= Pb/L
• SF AR= Pb/L
• SF AL= Pb/L- Pb/L= 0
P
RAH a b c
Pb/L Pa/L
a b
Pb/L +
b
a c
Pa/L
-
SFD
• Depending on type of force select where BM

is to be calculated. For concentrated forces,
BM should be calculated at the point of
application of forces.
• BM c= 0
• BM b= Pa/L x b= P ab/L
• BM a= Pa/L x L- P x a = 0
P
RAH a b c
Pb/L Pa/L
a b
P ab/L
a b c
BMD
Case-II Uniformly Distributed load
• Consider a simply supported beam AB of span

‘L’ and subjected to uniformly distributed
load w per unit length as shown in fig.
W / unit length
a
b
L
Reactions
W / unit length
a
b
W / unit length
RAH
a
b
RB
RAV L
Reactions
conditions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R AH =0 KN
• RΣF y +=R0,B=WL---------------------------I
we get
AV
•
• = W x L x L/2- RB x L
• RB= WL/2 , substituting the value in eq-I
• RAV= WL- WL/2
• RAV= WL/2
• Therefore,
• RAV= WL/2
• R = WL/2
Shear force Diagram
• Calculation of SF on both the sides of the

concentrated force.
• SF BR= 0
• SF BL= - WL/2
• SFAR= -WL/2 + WL= WL/2
• SF AL= + WL/2= - WL/2
• At a Point between A & B, SF diagram changes
sign. At this point BM will be maximum, so its
distance should be calculated.
Shear force Diagram
• Take a section X at distance x from B as shown in fig

and equation of shear force is.
• SF x= WL/2 + Wx
• To get the point where Shear force is Zero,
• SFx= -WL/2 + Wx= 0
x
• Therefore x= L/2
W / unit length
RAH a
x b
L RB= WL/2
RAV
x
Shear force Diagram
W / unit length
RAH= 0
a
b
RAV = WL/2 RB =
L
WL/2
RA = WL/2
+
- RB = WL/2
SFD
• BM B= 0
• BM A= 0
• BM at point where SF changes sign i.e. at
point D= WL/2 x X- W X x X/2, eq n of
BM between A and B.
• BM C= WL/2 x L / 2- W L/ 2 x L / 4= W L2/ 8
W / unit length
RAH
a
b
RB
RAV L
2
WL /8
a b
0 c 0
Case- III Couple or Moment
• Consider a simply supported beam ABC

subjected to Couple or concentrated moment
‘M’
A B
Lm
a b
Reactions
• Apply equilibrium conditions for reactions,
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R AH =0 KN
• + RB=0---------------------------I
R AV
• = RB x L - M= 0
• RB= M/L , substituting the value in eq-I
• RAV= -M/L
• RAV= -M/L
• Therefore,
• RAV= -M/L (- ve sign indicates reaction will act in opposite direction
to that assumed i.e.. in downward direction)
• RB= M/L
Shear force diagram
• SFCR= 0
• SF CL= - M/L
• SF B= - M/L
• SF AR= - M/L
• SF AL= - M/L + M/L= 0
Shear force diagram
M
A B
Lm
RAV= - M/ L RB= M/ L
a b
RAV= - M/ L - RB= M/ L
BM Calculation
• As at B there is a concentrated moment, on

both the sides i.e.. just eight and just left of B,
calculating bending moment,
• BM c= 0
• BM BR= + M/L x b= + Mb/L
• BM BL= Mb/L- M = M( b/L- 1) = M (b- L)/L
• BM BL= -Ma/ L
• BM A= M/L x L – M = 0
M
A B
L= a + b m
a b
+ Mb/L
+
A B
- - Ma/L
BM
D
Case- IV
Uniformly Varying
Load
• Consider a simply supported beam AB of span
L, subjected to uniformly varying load with
zero intensity at B and maximum w per unit
length at A as shown
W / unit length
a
b
L
Reactions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R AH =0 KN
• + RB= WL/2---------------------------I
R AV
• = RB x L - W L /2 x L/3= WL/6
• RB= WL/6 , substituting the value in eq-I
• RAV= WL/2- WL/6
• RAV= WL/3
• Therefore,
• RAV= WL/3
• RB= WL/6
Shear Force Calculation
• SF BR= 0
• SF BL= -WL/6
• SF AR= - WL/6 + WL/2= w L/ 3
• SF AL= WL/3 – W L/3 = 0
• At point c between A & B, SF changes sign. At this point
BM will be maximum and its location should be
calculated
• To find location of ‘C’, take section between B and C
as shown, and eq of SF at this section is,
• SF x= - W L/ 6 + ( W X/ L x X/2)
• SF x= 0 therefore, WL/ 6- W X 2/ 2L= 0
• Therefore X= L/ √3
Shear Force Diagram
W / unit length
a
b
L/
WL/3 √3
+
WL/6
-
SF
D
Bending Moment Calculation
• BMB= 0
• BMA= 0
• BM at any section between A and B is,
• BMx= w L x/ 6 – ( ½ x W X/2 x X) x ( X/3 )
• BMx = W L X / 6 - W X 3/ 6 L
• To find maximum BM at C substitute X= L/ √3 in
eq of BM.
• BMc= w L/ 6 x L/ √3 – W L 3 / 18 √3 L= W L 2 /
9 √3
• BMc= W L 2 / 9 √3
a b
WL/3 WL/6
L
W L2 / 9
√3
a c b
BM
D
Examples
• For the beam as shown, Calculate shear force

and bending moments at salient points and
draw shear force and bending moment
diagrams ( GTU DEC 2008)
80 KN
50 KN
30 KN/m
RAH a d
b 2m C 2m
40 KN-m
8m Rd
RAV
Reactions
• ΣF x = 0
• i.e.. R aH =0 KN
• R aV + Rd= 30 x 4 + 50 + 80= 250 KN---------------------------I
• = 30 x 4 x 2 + 50 x 4 + 40 + 80 x 6- Rd x 8= 0
• Rd= 120 KN, substituting the value in eq-I
• RaV= 250- 120 KN
• RaV= 130 KN
• Therefore,
• RaV= 130 KN
• Rd= 120 KN
Shear Force Calculation
• SF DR= 0
• SFDL= -120 KN
• SF CR= -120 KN
• SF CL= -120 + 80 = -40 KN
• SF BR= -120 + 80 = -40 KN
• SF BL= -120 + 80 + 50= 10 KN
• SF AR= -120 + 80 + 50 + 30 x 4= 130 KN
• SF AL = 0
Shear Force Diagram
130 KN
+ 10 KN
B C D
A
-
40 KN
120 KN 120 KN
SFD
Bending moment calculation
• BM D= 0
• BM C= 120 x 2= 240 KNm
• BM BR= 120 x 4 – 80 x 2= 320 KNm
• BM BL= 120 x 4- 80 x 2 – 40= 280 KNm
• BM A= 0
Paraboli 320 KN m
c Curve
240 KN m
+ 280 KN m
A D
B C
BMD

2.shear Force and Bending Moment

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Shear Force & Bending

(2) shear stress due to the shear force. 

• the sum of vertical forces on right side acting downward

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1.Consider the left or right portion of the section

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