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Electronic Amplifier
Electronic Amplifier
Electronic Amplifier
Electronic Amplifier
10.1 Preliminary
Lucian Balut 1
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.1 Definitions
10.1.2 Parameters
10.1.4 Classifications
Lucian Balut 2
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.1 Definitions
Definition:
The electronic amplifier is usually defined by the block diagram presented below if two
conditions are met;
- output signal must reproduces the input signal shape variation
- output signal power must be greater than the input signal power
xi xo
a xo(t)=axi(t-)
where:
xI – instantaneous value of the input signal or excitation,
xo – the instantaneous output signal or response,
a – transfer factor of the amplifier (ideally a constant)
Lucian Balut 3
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.1 Definitions
Voltage Amplifier xo(t)=axi(t-τ) vo(t)=avvi(t-)
vo(t) vi(t-τ)
Vo
Voltage gain – small signal regime – is defined as follows: Av
Vi
R in Ro 0
RS
Ei Vi A v Vi RL V
o
Lucian Balut 4
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.1 Definitions
Current Amplifier xo(t)=axi(t-τ) io(t)=aiii(t-τ)
io(t) ii(t-τ)
Io
Current gain – small signal regime – is defined as follows: Ai
Ii
Ii Io
Iin RS AiIi RL
R in 0 Ro
Lucian Balut 5
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.1 Definitions
Transresistance (Transimpedance) xo(t)=axi(t-τ) vo(t)=azii(t-τ)
Amplifier
vo(t) ii(t-τ)
Vo
Transresistance gain – small signal regime – is defined as follows: Az
Ii
Ii
Iin RS AzIi R L Vo
R in 0 Ro 0
Transresistance Amplifier - model
Vo V
A z
Ii A
Lucian Balut 6
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.1 Definitions
Transconductance (transadmittance) xo(t)=axi(t-τ) io(t)=ayvi(t-τ)
Amplifier
io(t) vi(t-τ)
Io
Transconductance gain – small signal regime – is defined as follows: Ay
Vi
RS Io
Ein Vi Ay Vi RL
R in Ro
Lucian Balut 7
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.2. Parameters
- Input Resistance;
- Output Resistance;
- Gain Factor;
- Bandwidth;
- Level of Distortion.
Comment:
Input resistance, output resistance and gain factor have been presented previously.
In the following, only frequency band and the level of distortion will be presented.
Lucian Balut 8
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.2. Parameters
a.) High-frequency and Low-frequency
B=fh-fl
Lucian Balut 9
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.2. Parameters
b) Level of Distortion
Lucian Balut 10
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.2. Parameters
b) Level of Distortion
v in Vin sin t
2 2
V ' o V '' o ...
100 %
Vo
Lucian Balut 11
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.3. Structure; Coupling
V’ V’’
Direct coupling
C’ C’’
Capacitive coupling
Tr1 Tr2
Inductive coupling
Lucian Balut 12
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.4. Classifications
Depending on the value of the processed signal amplifiers are divided into:
- small signal amplifier;
- large signal amplifier.
Depending on the frequency of the processed signal amplifiers are divided into:
- quasi-static amplifier;
- dynamic amplifier;
Observation: Combining the two criteria, one arrives at the following classifications:
- quasi-static small signal amplifier;
- quasi-static large signal amplifier;
- dynamic small signal amplifier;
- dynamic large signal amplifier.
Lucian Balut 13
10.1 Preliminary
10.1.4. Classifications
Depending on the bandwidth of the processed signal amplifiers are divided into:
- broadband amplifiers;
- narrowband amplifiers.
Lucian Balut 14
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
a.) circuit
+EC
IE RE
-EE
Lucian Balut 15
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
vO1=vO1(vI1,vI2) vO1=EC-iC1RC
vO2=vO2(vI1,vI2) vO2=EC-iC2RC RC RC
≈0 ≈0 ≈0
vBE1-vBE2=vI1-vI2 T1 T2
v BE1
i C1 IS exp vI1 vI
eT i C1 v v
exp BE1 BE 2 IE RE
v iC2 eT
i C 2 IS exp BE 2
eT
i C1 v vI2
exp I1 -EE
iC2 eT
Lucian Balut 16
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
iC1+iC2 ≈IE
i C1 v vI2 RC RC
exp I1
iC2 eT vO1 vO2
iC1 iC2
IE
i C1
v I1 v I 2 T1 T2
1 exp vI1 vI
eT
IE IE RE
iC2
v I1 v I 2
1 exp
eT -EE
Lucian Balut 17
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
Lucian Balut 18
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
IE IE
c.) Large signal analysis i C1 iC2
v ID v ID
1 exp 1 exp
eT eT
iC1 iC2
IE
iC1
0.5IE
iC2
Lucian Balut 19
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
iC1 iC2
c.) Large signal analysis
IE
1.) Both the upper limit and the
lower limit value (about zero) iC1
of the current collector (IE) is 0.5IE
provided that the transistors iC2
remain in the normal active
-3eT -2eT -eT eT 2eT 3eT vID
region
2.) Bias currents of the two transistors are equal to each other and equals IE / 2.
3.) Circuit behaves linearly for differences between input voltages below 50 mV
Lucian Balut 20
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
IERE
vID
-IERE
Lucian Balut 21
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
+EC
RC RC
vO1 vO2 RC RC
iC1 iC2
T1 T2
T1 T2
Vid Vid
vI1 vI2
2 2
IE RE IE RE
-EE -EE
Lucian Balut 22
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
+EC
RC RC
T1 T2
Vid Vid
2 2
IE RE
-EE
Lucian Balut 23
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
B C
E gmVbe1
Lucian Balut 24
10.2. Small Signal Amplifier.
Differential Stage
A dd g m R C
Lucian Balut 25
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
Comment
Known also as final stages or power stages they are designed to transfer power to load.
10.3.1. Preliminary
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
10.3.3. Class B and AB Power Stages
Lucian Balut 26
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.1. Preliminary - Classification
From the viewpoint of the topological structure:
-Asymmetrical stages (common emitter, common base, common collector, etc.)
-Symmetrical Stages (common emitter push-pull, common collector push pull)
Lucian Balut 27
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.1. Preliminary - Classification
A Class
Lucian Balut 28
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.1. Preliminary - Classification
B Class
C Class
Lucian Balut 29
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.1. Preliminary - Classification
AB Class
Lucian Balut 30
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
a.) circuit.
b.) parts duties, notations. EC
RB1;RB2 bias devider;
RE thermal stability; Tr
C1 coupling capacitor; RB1 RL Vo
CE decoupling capacitor; C
Tr output transformer; T
RL load resistor;
vIN RB2 RE CE
vIN input voltage;
iIN input current.
Lucian Balut 31
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
c.) large signal analysis
Lucian Balut 32
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
Lucian Balut 33
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
Lucian Balut 34
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
Lucian Balut 35
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
The expressions of current and voltage across the transistor (instantaneous value):
iC=IC-Icsin(t)
vCE=VCE+Vcesin(t)
iC=IC-ICsin(t)
Ic=IC vCE=EC+ECsin(t)
Vce=VCE=EC
Lucian Balut 36
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
The expressions of current and voltage across the transformer (instantaneous value):
il=Ilsin(t)=Icsin(t)
vl=Vlsin(t)=Vcesin(t)
il=ICsin(t)
Ic=IC vl=ECsin(t)
Vce=VCE=EC
Lucian Balut 37
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.2. Class A Power Stage
RL load resistor;
vIN input voltage;
iIN input current;
c.) large signal analysis - transfer characteristic
Lucian Balut 39
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.3. Class AB Power Stage
a.) circuit.
b.) parts duties, notations.
RL load resistor;
vIN input voltage;
iIN input current;
c.) large signal analysis - transfer characteristic
Lucian Balut 40
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.3. Class B and AB Power Stages
Lucian Balut 41
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.3. Class B and AB Power Stages
IS(t)=Icsin(t)
The average power absorbed from the source is:
2
1 2
pA E C I c sin t d (t ) E C I c
2 0
Lucian Balut 42
10.3 Large Signal Amplifier
Power Stages
10.3.3. Class B and AB Power Stages
Lucian Balut 43
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
Advantages:
Lucian Balut 44
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
Disadvantages:
• gain reduction;
• oscillation tendency.
Observation
Feedback amplifiers are bilateral, signal is transmitted in both directions: input-output
and output-input.
Lucian Balut 45
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
Lucian Balut 46
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.1. Ideal Feedback Equation
Xi X Xo
+
a
Xf -
Xi input signal
X0 output signal
X error signal
Xf feedback signal
Lucian Balut 47
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.1. Ideal Feedback Equation
Ideal Feedback Equation develops the function: A=A(a,f)
Xo
A Transfer function of the
Xi feedback amplifier Xi X Xo
Xo
a Transfer function of the basic
+
X amplifier a
Xf -
Xf
f Transfer function of the
Xi feedback network (feedback
constant) f
Lucian Balut 48
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.1. Ideal Feedback Equation
Xi X Xo
X=Xi-Xf
X Xi Xf +
a
Xo Xo Xo Xf -
1 1 f
f
a A
a
1 1 A
f 1 fa
a A
Lucian Balut 49
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.1. Ideal Feedback Equation
T af Loop gain
a
A
1 fa 1
A
T>>1 f
Lucian Balut 50
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.1. Ideal Feedback Equation
1
A
f
Conclusion:
The gain of the feedback amplifier is given by the feedback constant (“f”).
Taking into account “f” dispersion is very low (because, generally, feedback
network is made of passive components), “A” dispersion is also very low.
Lucian Balut 51
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.2. Basic Types of Feedback Circuits
Shunt-Shunt Feedback
amplificator
Ii rs Vo RL
de bazã
reţea de
reacţie
Block diagram
Lucian Balut 52
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.2. Basic Types of Feedback Circuits
Shunt-Shunt Feedback
RF
T3
T2 1
T1 A z R F
IS RS RC1 RC2 RL fy
Circuit
Lucian Balut 53
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.2. Basic Types of Feedback Circuits
Series-Series Feedback
rs
Io
+
amplificator
RL
Vi de bazã
-
reţea de
reacţie
Block diagram
Lucian Balut 54
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.2. Basic Types of Feedback Circuits
Series-Series Feedback
T3
RS
T2
T1
R C1 R C2 RL
1 RF
+
Ay
ES
fz R E1R E 2
- RF
R E1 R E2
Circuit
Lucian Balut 55
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.2. Basic Types of Feedback Circuits
Series-Shunt Feedback
rs
+
amplificator
Vo RL
Vi de bazã
-
retea de
reactie
Block diagram
Lucian Balut 56
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.2. Basic Types of Feedback Circuits
Series-Shunt Feedback
RS
T2
T1
RC
+ 1 RE RF
ES Av
- RF
fv RE
RL
RE
Circuit
Lucian Balut 57
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.2. Basic Types of Feedback Circuits
Shunt-Series Feedback
Rs
Io
amplificator
RL
Ii de bazã
reţea de
reacţie
Block diagram
Lucian Balut 58
10.4. Negative Feedback Amplifier
10.4.2. Basic Types of Feedback Circuits
Shunt-Series Feedback
RF
T2
T1 1 RE RF
Ai
IS
RS RC RE RL fi RE
Circuit
Lucian Balut 59