Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Paper 1 - Overview of Geometric Design of Roads 2013a
Paper 1 - Overview of Geometric Design of Roads 2013a
Paper 1 - Overview of Geometric Design of Roads 2013a
ROADS
by
Engr. Prof. Telimoye M. Oguara, FNICE, FNSE,FAEng.
Department Of Civil and Environmental Engineering
University of Port Harcourt
at the
grades (-)
Changing v in m/sec to V in km/hr and g = 9.81m/sec 2 and perception reaction time tr =
2.5 seconds.
V2
0.7V
2g (f S)
d = (2)
(b)Passing Sight Distance
• On 2 lane 2 way roads, opportunity to overtake slower
moving vehicles is provided at intervals by providing
adequate passing sight distances to enable drivers to
see sufficient distance ahead before overtaking.
Minimum passing sight distance for 2 – lane roads is
determined as the sum of 4 distances:
d1 = distance traversed during perception and
reaction time during initial acceleration to the point of
encroachment on the left lane.
d2 = distance traveled while the passing vehicle
occupies the left lane
d3 = distance between the passing vehicle at the end of
its maneuver and the opposing vehicle
d4 = distance traversed by an opposing vehicle for 2/3 of the time the passing
vehicle occupies the left lane or 2/3 of d2
Minimum standards for sight distances related to design speed as specified in the
Nigerian Highway Manual are given in Table 3
R = Radius of Curve
R tan
2 of tangents
= Angle of intersection
Tangent Distance, TL =
2R (3)
360
Curve length CL = (4)
2 R sin
2
Long chord LC = (5)
E R (sec 1) TL tan
2 4
External distance (6)
R(1 cos )
2
Middle ordinate M = (7)
V2
R
127 e f
where v = vehicle speed, m/sec
e = Superelevation = tan ϐ
ϐ= angle of pavement slope
f = coefficient of side friction between the tyres and roadway
surface.
Curves of the roadways are superelevated, utilizing the force of gravity to offset the
tendency of vehicles to slide outward.
3.4 Transition (Spiral) Curve
PVI
x
E
y
PVC E
+G1 PVT
L/2 L/2 -
G2
L
Figure 1.4: Geometry of vertical curves
Typical notations used to identify parts of the parabolic curve are:
G1, G2 = tangent grades %
A = Algebraic difference in slope of tangent grade, (G 1 – G2)%
E = Midcurve offset, metres
y = offset of curve from initial grade line, metres
L = Horizontal length of vertical curve, metres
X = Horizontal distance from an end of the vertical curve, metres.
PVC = BVCS = vertical point of curvature, where tangent grade meets vertical curve
PVT = EVCS = vertical point of tangent, where vertical curve meets tangent grade.
PVI = Vertical Point of Intersection, where tangent grades intersect. A Basic characteristic
of the vertical curve is that the vertical offsets from the tangent line are proportional to the
square of the horizontal distances from the point of tangency: thus
2
L
y1 x 12 E 2 y4
; ; E
y2 x 22 y4 L2 4
AL AL
But y4 ; E
200 800
Computation of vertical offsets is usually based on the mid-curve offset E, which easily
calculated, thus
y X2 3X 2
2
E L 2 L
2
4 x 2 AL 4 x 2 Ax 2
y E 2 . 2
L 800 L 200L
A
If a ; then y ax 2
200
This is the general equation of a parabola
As can be seen from equation (11) above, the vertical offset from the tangent
Grade at any point along the curve is calculated as a proportion of the
mid point offset, E. The rate of change of grade at successive points on the
curve is a constant amount for equal increments of horizontal distance, and is equal to A/L
in percent per metre.
The reciprocal L/A is the horizontal distance required to
effect a 1% change in gradient, and is a measure of
curvature L is termed K and is useful in determining the
horizontal distance from the vertical; point of curvature,
PVC (BVCS) to the apex (crest or summit curve) or low
points (sag curves) and minimum lengths of vertical
curves for various design speed. Figure 2 also show crest
and sag curves, from sections of a proposed road
network. The formulas and notations were used to
design these curves. Here, note that A.D. = Algebraic
difference of tangent grades, and all other elements are
as defined and discussed above.
4.0 Cross section Element
cross section element are those features of a highway which form
its effective width and affect vehicle movement. Cross section of
typical highways of modern design are shown in Figure 4.
Road Width
Carriageway Median Carriageway
CL CL
Traffic Lane
Traffic Lane
Traffic Lane
Traffic Lane
Shoulder
Shoulder
Shoulder
Shoulder
Fig. 4 Cross-section of a typical highway
The major cross sectional elements are as follows:
AASHTO
High - 0.015 – 0.02
Intermediate - 0.015 – 0.03
Low - 0.02 – 0.06
4.3 Shoulders
• The shoulder or verge is that portion of roadway
between the edge of the traffic land and the edge of
the ditch, gutter, curb or side slope provided for the
accommodation of stopped vehicles for emergency
use and for lateral support of subbase, based and
surface courses. Shoulder width of 3m are desirable
on high type facilities, a min of 0.60m considered
lowest.
– USA – shoulder is continuous on all highways
– Britain – we provide intermitten sections of shoulders or
turnouts knowns as lawbys – 30m long and 3m wide and
spaced along the highway
4.4 Curbs
• Used mainly in urban highways and streets to
serve as pavement edge delineation, drainage
control, right of way reduction, aesthetics,
delireaction of pedestrian walkways, etc.
– To be considered a curb, some raised aspect or
vertical element is required:
• Barrier curbs – relatively high and steeped-faced
designed to deter vehicles from leaving the highway
• Mountable curbs – vehicles car cross them easily under
emergency conditions without discomfort.
4.5 Side walk
Sidewalk or walkways need to be accepted as integral part of
residential street, and in market, school, business, industrial
and sporting areas. Sidewalks constructed along streets or
highways should vary from 1.22m to 2.44m in residential
area. A minimum of 1.52m is recommended for Nigeria.
Thank you
References:
• A policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, American
Association of Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington D C 2004.
• Highway Manual, Part 1 Design. Federal Ministry of Works and Housing,
Lagos 1973.
• Oguara T.M. “ Highway Engineering: Geometric Design” Malthouse
Engineering Series, Lagos 2006