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Presentation - Dr. Chaudhuri, 12-7-2013 Final
Presentation - Dr. Chaudhuri, 12-7-2013 Final
Construction Industry”
By: Dr. K.P. Ray Chaudhuri
B.Sc (Eng), M.Sc (Eng), Ph.D (Eng)
FIE (India), FNSE (Nig), CoREN (Nig)
Technical Director
Technical Manager
Setraco Nigeria Ltd
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Introduction:
Quality in general means compliance with specified requirements.
Quality of road construction works is to verify compliance of road
materials, equipments, performance and final deliverable to
predetermined requirements / specifications. Quality assurance is the
process of planning rather than “inspection / testing or checking of
quality”. In total quality management, the focus is not only on quality
but also on client satisfaction. Quality is not merely conducting various
tests on road construction materials. Quality of roads construction is the
totality of the characteristics of an entity that bear on its ability to satisfy
the stated needs of the client. Elements of quality assurance systems
include proper assessment of requirements of the road pavement, choice
of quality materials and design, evaluating pavement thickness,
development of appropriate technical specifications, choice of
construction method / equipments / plants, field supervision and quality
control, periodic inspection and maintenance measures. As a conclusion,
quality assurance encompasses all the broad aspects of road
development.
What is Quality
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Each person or group has its own definition of Quality.
But as a conclusion Quality in technical usage, have two meanings:
1. The characteristics of a product or service that bear on its ability to
satisfy stated or implied needs.
2. A product or service free of deficiencies. In other word quality means
“fitness for use;” or “conformance to requirements.”
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Steps to improve Quality
Employees and Management Relationship
1. Training and education (managers & employees)
2. Employees involvement
3. Skilled employees.
4. Management commitment.
5. Good communication between managers and employees.
6. Regular meetings.
7. Incentive for good performance.
Project manager role in quality
1. Well defined roles & responsibilities of his team.
2. Regular inspection & audit.
3. Written program or policy for quality.
4. Regular meetings with his staff.
5. Clearly defined goals & objectives.
6. Clearly defined guidelines for client satisfaction.
7. A well defined method for review / analysis for identifying errors &
defects and improve quality.
How to improve quality performance ?
Methodology to Improve Quality
1. Education and Training:
Training takes on several dimensions. For starters, you should set up a
program that trains technical staff to focus on quality issues from their
first day on the job.
2. Make a commitment: management has to recognize the
importance of quality of construction.
3. Rigid supervision: of the design process. A construction company
must participate in the design process, in order to avoid the problems
related with lack of construction knowledge of the designers, providing
its experience in design solutions.
4. Coordination: of the different specialties through a logic sequence of
information transfer, avoiding incorrect assumptions, and giving a
priority level for changes in order to avoid lack of
Cost of Poor Quality
There is a good saying which state that If the cost of achieving good
quality is high, the cost of poor quality is still higher.
Cost of poor quality it’s a term widely used and widely misunderstood.
The “cost of quality” isn’t the price of creating a quality product or
service. It’s the cost of NOT creating a quality product or service. Every
time work is redone, the cost of quality increases.
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Quality Assurance Training/Workshops
1. Plan, develop, organize, schedule, and deliver webinars/workshops to:
(1) identify research and development needs related to construction and
material quality assurance, (2) examine and discuss agency and
contractor quality control/quality assurance practices, and (3) obtain
feedback on research products and concepts established under this
contract. The Contractor shall provide all technical and administrative
functions associated with arranging and coordinating a webinars,
including arranging web connections, contacting participants, developing
online scheduling. For workshops the Contractor shall provide all
technical and administrative functions associated with arranging and
coordinating, including arranging meeting location, contacting
participants, securing lodging and meeting space, developing schedules,
obtaining miscellaneous equipment and expendable supplies, and other
workshop support functions. Workshops may range in length from 4 to
12 hours of contact time and be presented at one or more times and/or
places.
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Construction Management Functions
Responsibility to construct the project:
– In accordance with the plans and specifications
– To satisfy the Client’s cost, quality, and time expectations
– Setting the standards for quality and safety
– Planning the sequence of construction
– Controlling progress and expenditures
The project team is organized for the purpose of accomplishing
those missions!
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Properties of Asphalt
Critical conditions during construction and service
– Construction:
• mixing
• spreading appropriate viscosity
• compacting
– Service:
• plastic deformation (rutting)
• thermal cracking
• fatigue cracking
• water sensibility
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• Specifications of Paving Asphalts
• The role of specifications:
– specify properties that directly reflect asphalt behaviour
– express these properties in physical units
– provide limits for those properties to exclude poor performing
products
– provide information from which the service performance can be
predicted
• Important properties of asphalt:
– mechanical
– adhesive
• Durability
• Conventional tests used for asphalt characterization:
– penetration, ductility, softening point R&B, flash point, spot test.
• Ageing characteristics:
– Thin Film Oven Test, Rolling Thin Film Oven Test, Pressure Aging
Vessel… 39
Requirements in Common
• Sufficient asphalt to ensure a durable pavement
• Sufficient stability under traffic loads
• Sufficient air voids
– Upper limit to prevent excessive environmental damage
– Lower limit to allow room for initial densification due to traffic
• Sufficient workability
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Should asphalt paving be allowed in the rain?
The following points should be considered seriously when dealing with
rain:
1. Rain will cool the asphalt mix and could make obtaining proper
compaction more difficult .
2. The asphalt lifts must be able to properly bond together and moisture
can be a hindrance to that bond
3. Puddles overlaid with HMA turn to steam, which may cause stripping
(separation of the asphalt binder from the aggregate) - never pave over
puddles whether it is raining or not.
If you temporarily suspend paving operations due to rain, don't forget to:
1. Keep all trucks covered.
2. Avoid cold joints, construct a vertical-faced construction joint.
3. Properly dispose of all material left in the hopper.
4. Be careful not to track mud and dirt onto the project.
Compaction of asphalt layers:
Compaction by rollers results in an extremely tight interlock between the
individual parties of the mineral aggregate, which enables a high degree
of stability, excellent resistance to wear, and permanent evenness to be
achieved. Rollers reduce the void content in the asphalt, making it more
resistant to loads and more durable.
Reason For Compaction
To provide shear strength or resistance to rutting
To ensure the mixture is waterproof
To prevent excessive oxidation of the asphalt binder
Rollers used in asphalt compaction are:
Vibratory and or static rollers
Pneumatic-tired
Compaction is the process of densifying, or reducing the volume of, a
mass of material. Most practitioners consider achieving appropriate
compaction critical to the performance of an asphalt pavement. For
asphalt mixtures, compaction locks the asphalt-coated aggregate
particles together to achieve stability and provide resistance to
deformation (or rutting) while simultaneously reducing the permeability
of the mixture and improving its durability.
There are many factors that affect the compactability of asphalt mixtures.
Among those factors are the properties of the asphalt mixture, the type
and density of the underlying base course material, the thickness of the
asphalt layers, and the environmental conditions at the time of
placement. If any of these factors change, the final modulus, stiffness or
strength of the mix will be directly affected. Additionally, the final
compactability of the mix is affected by the type of rollers, the number
of rollers, and the rolling patterns used during the compaction process.
Factors Affecting Compaction
Asphalt mixture
Aggregate types and particle size
Mix Temperature
Layer Thickness
Environmental Factors
Types of rollers used in compaction.
Different types of trucks are Used
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Self Propelled Paver
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Temperature is critical
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Vibratory Roller
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Steel Wheeled Roller
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Pneumatic Roller
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Extracting A Core
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Measuring asphalt content and Density
Types of failure in asphalt pavement:
Rutting (shear failure)
Potholes (bond failure)
loss of skid resistance (viscous flow)
Cracking (Fatigue failure)
Breakdown due to failure of lower courses (e.g. reflected cracking from
dry-lean concrete)
Cracks in asphalt:
Cracking in pavements occurs when a stress is built up in a surface layer
that exceeds the tensile or shear strength of the pavement causing a
fissure or crack to open. Crack sealing and crack filling are methods
which can be used to repair these cracks in pavement surfaces. The cause
of the crack and its activity play a dominant role in determining the
success of crack sealing or filling operations.
This chapter addresses crack sealing and filling techniques associated
with flexible hot mix asphalt (HMA) pavements and joint and crack
sealing of rigid Portland cement concrete (PCC) pavement systems. The
reader is advised to pay close attention to the type of pavement system
being addressed, as treatment techniques can vary.
Cracking may be associated with various distress mechanisms. Crack
types include: fatigue cracks, longitudinal cracks, transverse cracks,
block cracks, reflective cracks, edge cracks, slippage cracks etc. The
following slides show some of these cracks.
Longitudinal and transverse cracking
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Bleeding due to high bitumen content
Raveling, stripping, and premature aging due to low
bitumen content
Block Cracking
Cracks due to a high % passing the #200 sieve combined with a low
binder content
Alligator / Fatigue Cracking
Alligator / Fatigue Cracking
Alligator / Fatigue Cracking
Longitudinal Cracking
Reflection Crack
Edge Cracking
Edge Cracking
Slippage Cracking
Slippage Cracking
Quality Testing on asphalt:
One common reason to conduct an asphalt test is for quality control and
consistency reasons. The test is used to confirm that the asphalt contains
the materials it is supposed to contain, and that the asphalt being
produced is of a uniform nature. The Quality Control (QC) Department
is. Some of the responsibilities here include:
Properly collecting a sample from the truck
Monitor plant mixing temperatures
Breaking it down to test for liquid asphalt content.
At the end of an asphalt test, the laboratory will prepare a written report
discussing the findings of the test. The lab may indicate that the asphalt
has passed or failed certain key tests, and provide additional information
about the nature of the asphalt and its predicted strength over time.
Inspecting asphalt is an important part of safe, reliable construction of
roads, driveways, parking lots, and so forth, as application of poor
quality asphalt can have consequences well into the future.
Field Laboratory quality testing on asphalt and
aggregates:
Marshall Test (Density, stability and flow).
Sieve Analysis of Find & Coarse Aggregates
Penetration of Bituminous Materials
Asphalt Core Testing
Asphalt extraction
Extracted aggregate gradations
Maximum theoretical specific gravity
Thickness and density of pavement cores.
Bitumen content
Void ratio
After completion of rolling, the degree of compaction of the asphalt shall
be determined.
Tests on aggregates:
Resistance of Aggregates to Degradation
Angularity Test Unit weight of Aggregates
Soundness of Aggregates
Clay Lumps and Friable Particles, shale content and plasticity index.
Moisture Content
Specific Gravity & Absorption of Coarse and Fine Aggregate
Flat and Elongated Test
Organic Impurities
L.A. Abrasion
Asphalt Compactor
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Asphalt Compacted Specimen
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Bulk Gravity
• Test on laboratory specimen
• Three weights needed
– Dry Weight
– Submerged in Water Weight
– Saturated Surface Dry Weight
• Determines Bulk Specific Gravity of Mixture
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Bulk Specific Gravity
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Asphalt Content
• Two Methods to Determine Asphalt Content
– Ignition Oven
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Asphalt Content
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Gradation
• Performed on Combined Aggregate After Asphalt Binder is
Removed
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Gradation
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Roadway Density
• Roadway Density is determined by Nuclear Gauge or Cores
• Low Density allows air and water to enter the pavement
resulting in oxidation and raveling
• High Density can cause rutting and bleeding of asphalt binder
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