Mathematics QS 025

UNIT
UNIT 44 : : INTEGRALS
INTEGRALS

SUBTOPIC :

5.1 The Area Problem

5.2 The Indefinite Integral
5.3 Integration by Substitution
5.4 The Definition of Area as a Limit: Sigma
Notation
5.2
5.2 The
TheIndefinite
IndefiniteIntegral
Integral
y = f(x)
If we differentiate both sides with respect to x
dy
 f (x)
dx
When we integrate both sides with respect to x
dy
 dx dx   f ( x)dx
y =  f ( x)dx
(this is known as indefinite integral )

y = f(x) + c , where c is a constant

 INTEGRATION

The process of finding antiderivative is called

n antidifferentiation or integration.
 Definition

A function F is called an antiderivative of a

function f if the derivative of F is f.
 Basic Rules of
Integration

1)  kdx  kx  c , where k is a constant and

c is an arbitrary constant
Example:

 2 dx  2 x  c
Basic Rules of Integration
n 1
n x
2)  x dx   c , n  1
n 1

Example:

21 3
2 x x
 dx  2  1  c  3  c
x
• Rules 1 and 2 can be
summarized as

n n
 kx dx  k  x dx , n  1
x n 1
k c
n 1
 When n = 0 we have  kdx  kx  c
 Basic Rules of
Integration
3)
k f(x) dx  k  f(x) dx

Example:

 x2  1 
1

4
 x
dx = 4  x 1 / 2 dx  4  1  + c
  2  1

= 8x1/2 + c
= 8 x + c.
 Basic Rules of
Integration
4)
 [ f(x)  g(x) ] dx   f(x) dx   g(x) dx

Example:

  dx
2
 ( x  x ) 
dx x dx  x 2

x 2 x3
  c
2 3
 CAUTION
1)  [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx   f ( x)dx   g ( x)dx
2)  [ f ( x) g ( x)]dx  f ( x)  g ( x)dx

f ( x)  f ( x)dx
3)  dx 
g ( x)  g ( x)dx
9.1(b)
9.1(b) Integration
Integration

Example 1
Evaluate the following integrals :
1
a)  x 3
dx

b)  x dx
 Solution
-3  1
1 x
 a  x 3 dx 
-3
 dx   3  1  c
x

1
  2
c  n  -3
2x
1  1
3
x 2
 b  x dx  x
1/2
dx  1 1
 c 
2
x2  c
2 3
2 3  1
 ( x)  c n  2 
3
 Example 2
Evaluate the following integrals
4
a)  x
dx


1/ 2
b) 3 x dx

1
c)  2 x 3 dx
3/ 4
d)  7t dt
9.1
9.1 (b)
(b) Integration
Integration

Solution
 x2  1 
1

4
a)  x
dx = 4 x 1 / 2 dx  4  1  + c
  2  1

= 8x1/2 + c
= 8 x + c.
 1
 b   3x1/ 2 dx  c  2 x 3 dx

1 3
1   x dx
 3 x dx
2
2
 3  1 
 x   1 x
1 1
2 
 3 1 c 2   3  1 
 2  1
 
1
  x 2
= 2x 3/2 + c 4
 3
 d   7t 3/ 4
dt  7  t dt
4

 34  1 
 t c
7 3
 4  1
 

7
 4t  c
4
 Example 3
Evaluate the following integrals.

  2
a) ( x x ) dx

b)  (3x6 - 2x2 + 7x + 5) dx

 7 
c)   y 3 / 4 - 3 y  4 y  dy

x 5  2x 2 1
d)  x 4
dx
 Solution
a) ( x  x 2 )dx  b    3x6  2 x 2  7 x  5 dx
  

  x dx   x 2 dx  3 x 6 d x  2 x 2 dx  7  x dx   5 dx

x2 x3 x7 x3 x2
  C 3 2 7  5x  C
2 3 7 3 2
  7 
 c 
  y3 / 4 - 3 y  4 y dy

 
 7  y 3 / 4 dy   y 1 / 3 dy  4 y 1 / 2 dy

7 y 1 / 4 y 4 / 3 4y 3 / 2
   C
1/ 4 4/ 3 3/ 2
4/3 3/ 2
3 y 8 y
 28y 1 / 4   C
4 3
 x5  2x 2  1
d  x 4 dx

  xdx  2  x 2 dx   x 4 dx

x 2 2 x 3
   C
2 x 3
 Example 4
3
Find the antiderivative F(x) of f(x) = x that satisfies F(1) = 2.
 Solution
3 x 4/3
F  x    3 x dx   x 1/3
dx  c
4
3
F 1   c  2
4
3 5
c  2 
4 4
3x 3 / 4 5
 F x   
4 4
 Exercises
Find each indefinite integral:

x 1 2 1
1)  2 dx x c
x x
9 5
x 2 2 1 2
 x ( x  ) dx
3
2) x  x c
2 9 5

3 x 3
2 2
3)  dx 6 x  x c
x 3
 5.4(c) The Integration of 1/x and
1/(ax + b)
1
 x dx  ln | x | c
Example :
2 1
a )  dx  2  dx  2 ln | x |  c
x x
1 1 1 1
b)  dx   dx  ln | x |  c
3x 3 x 3
The Integration of 1/(ax + b)
1 1
 ax  b dx  a ln | ax  b | c
Example :

5
1)  dx
2x  3
3
2)  dx
3x  1
 Example 1

5
1)  dx
2x  3
5 1
 2 x  3 dx  5 2 x  3 dx
1 
 5 ln | 2 x  3 |  C
2 
5
 ln | 2 x  3 | C
2
Example 2

3
2)  dx
3x  1
3 1
 3x  1 dx  3 3x  1 dx
1 
 3 ln | 3 x  1 |  C
3 
 ln | 3 x  1 | C
 EXERCISES
Find,

 (2  x
2 2
a) ) dx

5 x
b)  2 dx
2x
5
c)  dx
2  3x