7/4/20

AIRPORT
RUNWAY
BY: SIERGJOY B. JARALVE
JENNILYN J. SINOBIO

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AIRPORT RUNWAY
 According to the 
International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO),
a runway is a "defined rectangular area on a land 
aerodrome prepared for the landing and takeoff of 
aircraft". Runways may be a man-made surface
(often asphalt, concrete, or a mixture of both) or a
natural surface (grass, dirt, gravel, ice, or salt).
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RUNWAY DIMENSION
 Runway dimensions vary from as small as 245 m
(804 ft) long and 8 m (26 ft) wide in smaller 
general aviation airports, to 5,500 m (18,045 ft)
long and 80 m (262 ft) wide at large 
international airports built to accommodate the
largest jets, to the huge 11,917 m × 274 m
(39,098 ft × 899 ft) lake bed runway 17/35 at 
Edwards Air Force Base in California – developed
as a landing site for the Space Shuttle.
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SECTIONS OF RUNWAY
  There exist standards for runway markings.[10]
 The runway thresholds are markings across the runway that
denote the beginning and end of the designated space for
landing and takeoff under non-emergency conditions. [11]
 The runway safety area is the cleared, smoothed and graded
area around the paved runway. It is kept free from any
obstacles that might impede flight or ground roll of aircraft.
 The runway is the surface from threshold to threshold, which
typically features threshold markings, numbers, and
centerlines, but not overrun areas at both ends.
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RUNWAY MARKINGS
 There are runway markings and signs on most large
runways. Larger runways have a distance remaining sign
(black box with white numbers). This sign uses a single
number to indicate the remaining distance of the runway in
thousands of feet. For example, a 7 will indicate 7,000 ft
(2,134 m) remaining. The runway threshold is marked by a
line of green lights.
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RUNWAY SAFETY
 Runway excursion - an incident involving only a single aircraft, where it
makes an inappropriate exit from the runway (e.g. Thai Airways Flight 679).
 Runway overrun (also known as an overshoot) - a type of excursion where
the aircraft is unable to stop before the end of the runway (e.g. 
Air France Flight 358, TAM Airlines 3054).
 Runway incursion - an incident involving incorrect presence of a vehicle,
person or another aircraft on the runway (e.g. 
Tenerife airport disaster (Pan American World Airways Flight 1736 and KLM
Flight 4805)
).
 Runway confusion - an aircraft makes use of the wrong runway for landing
or takeoff (e.g. Singapore Airlines Flight 006, Western Airlines Flight 2605).
 Runway undershoot - an aircraft that lands short of the runway (e.g. 
British Airways Flight 38, Asiana Airlines Flight 214).
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PAVEMENT
 The choice of material used to construct the runway depends on the use
and the local ground conditions. For a major airport, where the ground
conditions permit, the most satisfactory type of pavement for long-term
minimum maintenance is concrete. Although certain airports have used
reinforcement in concrete pavements, this is generally found to be
unnecessary, with the exception of expansion joints across the runway
where a dowel assembly, which permits relative movement of the
concrete slabs, is placed in the concrete. Where it can be anticipated
that major settlements of the runway will occur over the years because
of unstable ground conditions, it is preferable to install asphaltic
 concrete surface, as it is easier to patch on a periodic basis. Fields with
very low traffic of light planes, may use a sod surface. Some runways
make use of salt flats.
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PAVEMENT SURFACE
 Runway pavement surface is prepared and
maintained to maximize friction for wheel
braking. To minimize hydroplaning following
heavy rain, the pavement surface is usually
grooved so that the surface water film flows into
the grooves and the peaks between grooves will
still be in contact with the aircraft tires.
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RUNWAY LENGTH
 A runway of at least 6,000 ft (1,829 m) in length is
usually adequate for aircraft weights below
approximately 200,000 lb (90,718 kg). Larger aircraft
including widebodies will usually require at least
8,000 ft (2,438 m) at sea level and somewhat more at
higher altitude airports. International widebody flights,
which carry substantial amounts of fuel and are
therefore heavier, may also have landing requirements
of 10,000 ft (3,048 m) or more and takeoff
requirements of 13,000 ft (3,962 m).
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NAMING
 Runways are named by a number between 01 and 36,
which is generally the magnetic azimuth of the
runway's heading in decadegrees. This heading differs
from true north by the local magnetic declination. A
runway numbered 09 points east (90°), runway 18 is
south (180°), runway 27 points west (270°) and
runway 36 points to the north (360° rather than 0°).[2]
 When taking off from or landing on runway 09, a
plane is heading around 90° (east).
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