Chapter 7: Muscular

System: Movement

PSYN 103: Human Anatomy

and Physiology
1st Semester SY 2019-2020

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 Muscle Tissue
 Smooth muscle - found in organs of internal
environment (viscera)
 Skeletal muscle - usually attached to tendons
or bones, so when muscles contract causes
bones to move at joints
 made up of long muscle fibers that contract by
myofibrils
 made up of highly ordered arrays of actin and myosin
filaments

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 Muscle Tissue
 Cardiac muscles
 composed of smaller, interconnected cells, each with
a single nucleus
 interconnections appear as dark lines called intercalated
disks
 enable cardiac muscles to form single functioning unit -
myocardium

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Muscle Tissue

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Muscle Tissue

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Muscle Tissue

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Skeletal muscle
 Cells are multinucleate
 Striated voluntary muscle
 Atrophy: muscle fibers that is not used begins to
deplete and is lost.
 Hypertrophy: muscle fibers that are used begin to
grow to accommodate strength needs.
 Use/ disuse theory: if you don’t use your muscle it
is lost

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Cardiac muscle
 Found only in the heart
 Striated involuntary muscle
 Relies on pacemaker cells (atrioventricular
node) for regular contraction

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Smooth muscle tissue
 Non-striated involuntary muscle
 Can divide and regenerate

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Actions of Skeletal Muscles
 Skeletal muscles produce movement of the
skeleton when they contract.
 attachment to bones made by tendons
 origin remains stationary during contraction
 insertion attached to bone that moves during
contraction

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Actions of Skeletal Muscles

 Synergists - muscles that cause same action

at a joint
 Antagonists - muscles that produce
opposing actions

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A single skeletal muscle, such
as triceps is attached at its

 origin to a large area of bone; in this case,

the humerus

 At its other end, the insertion, it tapers into a

glistening white tendon which, in this case, is
attached to the ulna, one of the bones of the
lower arm.
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 As the triceps contract, the insertion is pulled
toward the origin and the arm is straightened
or extended at the elbow. Thus the triceps is
an extensor. Because skeletal muscle exerts
force only when it contracts, a second muscle
— a flexor — is needed to flex or bend the
joint. The biceps muscle is the flexor of the
lower arm. Together, the biceps and triceps
make up an antagonistic pair of muscles.
Similar pairs, working antagonistically across
other joints, provide for almost all the
movement of the skeleton. 13
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Actions of Skeletal Muscles

 Isotonic contraction - muscle and all fibers

shorten in length thus force of contraction
remains relatively constant
 Isometric contraction - tension is absorbed
by tendons and other elastic tissue, and
muscle does not change in length

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Muscular Contraction
I. Skeletal Muscle

A. Muscle fiber

1. Sarcolemma

2. Sarcoplasm

3. Myofibrils – contractile elements

a. Actin myofilament

• F actin strands

• tropomyosin

• troponin (T, I, C)

b. Myosin myofilament

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4. Sarcomere

• arrangement of myofibrils

a. Z disk – attaches actin

b. I band – actin myofilament

c. A band – both actin and myosin

H zone – only myosin

5. T Tubules
• invagination of sarcolemma

6. Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
• high conc. of calcium

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Muscular Contraction, cont’n…
 Each skeletal muscle contains numerous
muscle fibers.
 Each muscle fiber encloses 4-20 myofibrils.
 Each myofibril composed of thick and thin
myofilaments.
 Thick myofilaments produce A bands.
 Thin myofilaments produce I bands.
 Each I band divided in half by disc of protein (Z band).

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Skeletal Muscle Organization

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Because a muscle fiber is not a single cell,
its parts are often given special names
such as
 sarcolemma for plasma membrane
 sarcoplasmic reticulum for endoplasmic reticulum
 sarcosome for mitochondrion
 sarcoplasm for cytoplasm
 nuclei and mitochondria are located just beneath the
plasma membrane
 the endoplasmic reticulum extends between the
myofibrils.

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Skeletal muscle....cont’n
 Seen from the side under the microscope, skeletal
muscle fibers show a pattern of cross banding, which
gives rise to the other name: striated muscle.
 The striated appearance of the muscle fiber is
created by a pattern of alternating
 dark A bands and
 light I bands.
 The A bands are bisected by the H zone
 The I bands are bisected by the Z line.

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Skeletal muscles...cont’n
 Each myofibril is made up of arrays of parallel filaments.
 The thick filaments have a diameter of about 15 nm. They are
composed of the protein myosin.
 The thin filaments have a diameter of about 5 nm. They are
composed chiefly of the protein actin along with smaller amounts of
two other proteins:
 troponin ( troponin C, which binds Calcium, troponin T,
which binds tropomyosin, and troponin I, which binds both
actin and troponin C and therefore inhibits their interaction)
 tropomyosin.- are long filaments located in the groove between
the two chains of the actin
 Each thin filaments contains 300-400 actin molecules and 40-60
tropomyosin molecules
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Structure of a sarcomere

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Sarcomere...cont’n....
 The thick filaments produce the dark A band.
 The thin filaments extend in each direction from the Z
line. Where they do not overlap the thick filaments, they
create the light I band.
 The H zone is that portion of the A band where the thick
and thin filaments do not overlap.
 The entire array of thick and thin filaments between the Z
lines is called a sarcomere. Shortening of the
sarcomeres in a myofibril produces the shortening of the
myofibril and, in turn, of the muscle fiber of which it is a
part.
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Sliding Filament Mechanism of
Contraction
 Sarcomere - structure of myofibril from Z line
to Z line
 smallest subunit of muscle contraction
 A muscle contracts and shortens because its
myofibrils contract and shorten.
 Myofilaments do not actually decrease in length
per se, but slide deeper into the A band.

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Structure of Actin and Myosin

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Mechanism of Muscular Contraction:
Sliding Filament Model

 Actin myofilaments sliding over myosin to

shorten sarcomeres
 Actin and myosin do not change length
 Shortening sarcomeres responsible for
skeletal muscle contraction
 During relaxation, sarcomeres go back to
the original size (length)

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B. Signal transmission

1. Motor neuron

2. Presynaptic terminal

3. Endplate
• region of skeletal fiber where synapse occurs

4. Nicotinic receptor

C. Muscle Contraction

1. Action Potential -> sarcolemma ->T tubules

2. T tubules -> Sarcoplasmic Retic

3. Voltage gated Ca++ channels open

4. Ca++ -> sarcoplasm

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5. Calcium binds to troponin (C)

6. Tropomyosin is deflected

7. Active sites of actin exposed

8. ATP attaches to myosin head

9. ATP is hydrolyzed (ADP & P)

10. Myosin head is phosphorylated & cocks

11. Myosin head binds to actin (cross bridge)

12. Myosin head dephosphorylates (head moves) & ADP

released (power stroke)

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D. Muscle relaxation
• Calcium pumped into Sarco Retic

E. Phases of muscle movement

1. Lag Phase
• AP in motor neuron to exposure of active sites

2. Contraction Phase

• crossbridge -> power stroke

3. Relaxation Phase

• calcium pumped into S. R.

4. Mechanical signal
• measured as tension
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 Sliding Filament Mechanism of
Contraction
 Electron micrographs reveal cross-bridges that
extend from the thick to thin filaments.
 Each thick filament composed of many myosin
proteins packed together, and every myosin molecule
has a “head” region.
 Each thin filament consists primarily of many globular
actin proteins twisted in a double helix.

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 Sliding Filament Mechanism of
Contraction
 Before the myosin heads bind to the actin of the
thin filaments, they act as ATPase, splitting ATP
into ADP and P.
 activates heads
 Once a myosin head binds to actin, it undergoes a shape
change, pulling the thin filament toward the center of the
sarcomere.
 allows head to detach from actin and continue cross-bridge
cycle

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F. Stimulus vs contraction
• all or none response

• subthreshold stimulus -> no

• Threshold -> AP -> contraction

• increase Ca++ = increase force

G. Stimulus frequency

• no refractory period

• freq of AP = freq of contractions

• tetanus

calcium not pumped back

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Summary of muscular
contraction
1. Discharge of motor neuron
2. Release of neurotransmitter Acetylcholine
(Ach) from axon terminal via exocytosis at the
neuromuscular junction
3. Binding of Ach to nicotinic receptors
4. Increased in Na and K conductance in the
postsynaptic/endplate membrane
5. Generation of endplate potential

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Summary of muscular
contraction, contn...
6. Generation of AP in muscle fibers
7. Inward spread of depolarization along t-tubules
8. Release of Ca+ from terminal cisternae of
sarcoplasmic reticulum and diffusion to thick and
thin filaments
9. Binding of Ca+ to troponin C, uncovering the binding
sites on actin
10. Formation of cross bridges (cross-linkages)
between actin and mysis and sliding of thin and
thick filaments
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Summary of muscular
contraction, contn...
11. The Ca+2 concentration of the sarcoplasm is
decreased by active Ca+2 uptake into the
sarcoplasmic reticulum using Ca+2 ATPase.
12. Ca+2 dissociates from troponin, and troponin-
tropomyosin complex again inhibits contraction.
Then, the muscle relaxes and eventually can
contract again.

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Control of Muscle Contraction

 When Ca++ concentration of the muscle cell

cytoplasm is low, tropomyosin inhibits cross-
bridge formation and the muscle is relaxed.
 When Ca++ concentration is raised, Ca++
binds to troponin.

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Control of Muscle Contraction
 Role of Ca++ in contraction
 When a muscle is relaxed the myosin head
cannot bind to actin because the attachment sites
are physically blocked by tropomyosin.
 In order to contract a muscle, troponin must move
tropomyosin away from the binding site.
 complex regulated by calcium ion concentration

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ATP is required for both
contraction and relaxation
 Is the energy supply for contraction
 It is required for the sliding of the filaments which is
accompanied by bending movement of myosin heads;
Myosin ATPase splits ATP to ADP and Pi providing
energy for “cocking” of myosin head
 Another ATP is required for the separation of actin and
myosin which relaxes the muscle (return of head to
“cocked” state and reattach to actin (if Ca+2 is present)
 When ATP is run down after death, muscle goes into a
state of rigor mortis.

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Control of Muscle Contraction
 Nerves stimulate contraction
 Somatic motor neurons stimulate skeletal
muscles.
 Axon extends from neuron cell body and branches to
make synapses with a number of muscle fibers.

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 Control of Muscle Contraction
 Somatic motor neuron stimulates contraction:
 releasing acetylcholine neurotransmitter (ACh).
 impulses spread along membrane and carried into the
muscle fibers through the T tubules
 T tubules conduct impulse toward the sarcoplasmic
reticulum, which releases Ca++

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 Control of Muscle Contraction
 Motor units and recruitment
 set of muscle fibers innervated by all axonal branches
is defined as a motor unit
 division of muscle into motor units allows muscle’s strength
of contraction to be finely graded
 most muscles contain motor units in a variety of sizes
 recruitment - nervous system’s use of increased numbers
and sizes of motor units to produce a stronger contraction

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Number and Size of Motor
Units

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 Types of Muscle Fibers
 Muscle fiber twitches
 muscle stimulated with a single electric shock
 A second electrical shock delivered immediately after the
first will produce a second twitch that may partially
piggyback on the first (summation).
 At a particular frequency of stimulation, there is no visible
relaxation between successive twitches (tetanus).

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Behavior of muscles

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 Types of Muscle Fibers
 Muscle metabolism during rest and exercise
 Skeletal muscles at rest obtain energy from aerobic
respiration of fatty acids.
 Skeletal muscles respire anaerobically for the first 45-90
seconds of moderate to heavy exercise.
 Maximum rate of oxygen consumption in the body is called
maximal uptake or aerobic capacity.

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 Types of Muscle Fibers
 Muscle fatigue and physical training
 Muscle fatigue refers to the inability of a muscle to
generate force.
 usually correlated with the production of lactic acid by the
exercising muscles
 also related to depletion of muscle glycogen

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Types of Muscle Fibers
 Endurance-trained athletes have a high
aerobic capacity, and thus can perform more
exercise before lactic acid production and
glycogen depletion cause muscle fatigue.
 Weight training (resistance training) causes
muscle fibers to become thicker as a result of
increased size and number of myofibrils.
 cause skeletal muscles to grow by hypertrophy

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II. Cardiac Muscle

A. Contractions like skeletal

• striated (sarcomeres)

B. Intercalated disks

1. attachment

2. Z disks

3. Gap junction

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In Cardiac (Heart) and Smooth Muscle
Special Junctions Help Spread the
Excitation from One Cell to Another
 In skeletal muscle each fiber (cell) can contract
independently
 In cardiac and smooth muscle the cells are
interconnected by special junctions- intercalated disks in
cardiac and gap junctions in smooth muscle
 This spreads the excitation from one cell to another and
causes cardiac and most smooth muscle to contract as a
unit
 Cardiac muscle beats spontaneously, even if all nerves
to the heart are cut. The nerves do speed up or slow
down the heart beat.
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III. Smooth Muscle

A. Structure

• elongated spindle shaped

• no striations (no sarcomeres)

• actin & myosin – loose bundles

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Smooth muscles
 Influx of Ca+2 is involved in the initiation of
smooth muscle contraction
 Ca+2 binds calmodulin, a calcium binding
protein
 Activates myosin light chain kinase
 Myosin interacts with actin when its light
chains is phosphorylated
 affect the activity of myosin light-chain
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B. Contraction

1. ANS – via 2nd messenger (cAMP)

2. Opens Ca++ channel

3. Calcium activates calmodulin

4. Ca++/Calmod activates myosin kinase

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Smooth muscles
 Factors other than Ca+2 affect the activity of
myosin light-chain
 Contraction and relaxation may be regulated
by hormones that act via cyclic adenosine
monophosphate
 Increase in cAMP- myosin light chain kinase is
activated, cell contracts
 Decrease in cAMP, myosin light chain kinase
is inactivated (dephosphorylated), cell relaxes
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5 . Myosin kinase hydrolyzes ATP
• phosphorylate myosin head

6. Myosin binds to actin -> contraction

7. Relaxation – dephosphorylation (Myosin Phosphatase)

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