ITS332

Overview

 HTTP Communication
 HTTP Communication for Web
 Static
 Dynamic
 Dynamic Content
 PHP
 PHP Block
 PHP Programming Style
 Database
 MySQL
HTTP Communication
HTTP Communication for Web
Static Web
• The contents of the web are
fixed, hard coded in the
markup language (HTML)
• (What you see is what you
get).
• used to display fixed
information which most
often does not need to be
updated on a regular basis
Dynamic Web
• The contents of the web are
coded using client or server
side scripting which requires
special interpretation to
produce interactive or
dynamic elements in the
page
• search results
• number of visitors
• user login
• message boards
HTTP Communication for Web – Static
HTTP Communication for Web – Static
HTTP Communication for Web – Dynamic
HTTP Communication for Web – Dynamic

HTML + JavaScript
HTTP Communication for Web – Dynamic

HTML + PHP
HTTP Communication for Web – Dynamic

HTML + PHP
HTTP Communication for Web – Dynamic Content
HTTP Communication for Web

Benefit of Dynamic Web Content

• Have ability to customize pages for any given user.

• Greater ease of modification and update.
• Extended functionality (login, transactions, communication etc.)
• Automating the site and allowing it to support itself. Less pages to
manually create.
PHP

 PHP's name is an recursive acronym for:

 Hypertext Preprocessor
 PHP script is an HTML- embedded scriting language
 Designed to do something only after event occurs.
 e.g. when user submit forms
 A Server-Side language
 the code resides on a host computer that serves Web pages to
the requesting visitors (client).
 PHP is easy to use for Web development because it has many
built-in functions that make web programming simpler, so that
programmers can focus on the logic of programming without
wasting precious development time
PHP

URL request
client server
HTML
HTML Script request

PHP
PHP Block

PHP code skeleton:

<?php …. ?> First style

<? … ?> Second style

<script language = “PHP”> … </script> Third style

PHP Programming Style
Sending data to web browser

 Use PHP built in functions

 Example
 echo ‘Hello Student’;
 print “ How are you”;
 Case-insensitive for function names
 ECHO, echo, Echo
 Other print functions
 print_r, var_dump - value of variable
 print_f - formatting what you print
White space, HTML and PHP

 White spaces - blank lines, tabs and extra spaces

 To alter spacing of finished web page, use
 <br /> - line break
 <p></p> - paragraph
 To alter spacing of HTML source from PHP, use
 echo() or print() over the course of several lines
 \n (newline character) within double quotation
marks
Writing comments

 Important aspect to dynamic web site development

 Viewable in the source but not in the browser
window
 PHP supports 3 type of comments
 # this is a comment
 // this is also a comment
 /* this is a larger comment that spans two line */
Variables

 Rules of thumb
 Variable name must start with dollar sign ($)
 Combination of strings, numbers and the underscore
 First character after dollar sign cannot be a number
 Case sensitive
 Assigned value using equals sign (=)
String

 A quoted chunk of letters, numbers, spaces, punctuation ..

 Example strings
 ‘hello’
 ‘software’
 ‘1000’
 ’12 January, 2006’
 String variable – assign a string value to valid variable name
 $today =’16 July, 2007’;
 To print out
 echo $today;
 echo “Today is $today”;
 Concatenation string
 Addition of strings using period (.).
 $day=‘12’;
 $month=‘January’;
 $year =‘2006’;
 $today = $day . ’ ‘ . $month . ’ ‘ . $year;
 Use it extensively when building database queries in later chapters
Numbers

 Valid number-type variables can be

 8
 3.14
 1098727272798
 -4.2828282

 Arithmetic operators
 + addition
 - subtraction
 * multiplication
 / division
 % modular
 ++ increment
 -- decrement
Numbers

 Functions
 round()
 $j = 3.14;
 $k = round( $j);

 number_format()
 $p =20980;
 $g=number_format($p);
 $g=number_format($p,2);
Constant

 Specific data type

 Retain initial value throughout script
 Cannot change once it has been set
 Use define()
 define (‘AGE’, ‘value’);
 Print constant
 echo ‘Hello, ‘ . AGE; OR
 echo ‘Hello,’, AGE;
Single vs Double Quotation Marks

 Single quote -> values treated literally

 Double quote -> interpolated
 Example:

 $var =‘Hello’;

 echo “var equal to $var”;

 var equal to hello

 echo ‘var equal to $var’;

 var equal to $var

 echo “\$var is equal to $var”;

 $var is equal to hello
Single vs Double quotation marks

 “”
 replace variables name with its value and a special
character’s code (\$) with its represented value
 ‘’
 display exactly what you type, except for the escaped
single quote (\’) and the escape backslash(\\).
PROGRAMMING WITH PHP

PROGRAMMING WITH PHP

Discuss on..

 Creating an HTML form

 Handling an HTML form
 Conditional and Operators
 Validating Form Data
 Sending Values to A Script Manually
 What are Arrays
 For and While Loops
HTML form

 Managing HTML form with PHP involves 2 steps :

1. Step 1:
Create HTML form with any text editor
• HTML form (.htm/.html) is created using the HTML form tags and
various input types.

2. Step 2:
Create PHP scripts that receives form data
• PHP script (.php) is created to receives the submitted form data
and handle it.
 Step 1:
Handling HTML form create html form

Step 2:
create php scripts that
receive form data
Step 1: create html form
form.html
which page the form
data will be send

how dat ais sent

(get or post)
Step 2: create php script
procesform.php
Superglobal variable

 If you have a text box in html form with name attribute age, PHP
will store the text entered there in a variable called $age
(registered global variable)
 $age is similar to $_POST[‘age’] (superglobal variables)

attributes
 eg : ( in HTML form)
<p><b>Age: </b><input type ="text" name=“age" size="20" maxlength="40"/></p>

 eg : ( in PHP scripts)
echo “<p>Thank you, {$_POST[‘age’]} for the following comments”;
Conditional and Operators

 Dynamic web frequently use conditionals to alter script

behavior
 3 primary terms – if, else, elseif
Syntax:
if (condition) { if (condition1) {
// do something! // do something!
}
} elseif (condition2) {
// do something
if (condition) { else!
// do something! } else {
} else { // do something
// do something else! else!
}
}
Conditional and Operators

 Condition can be TRUE for any number of reasons. Below are

common TRUE conditions:

 $var, if $var has a value other than 0, an empty string or NULL

 isset($var), if $var has any value other than NULL, including 0

and an empty string.

 TRUE
Conditional and Operators

 Comparative and Logical Operators

Symbol Meaning Type example

= Is assigned the value of Assignment $n=1

== Is equal to Comparison $x==$y

!= Is not equal to Comparison $x!=$y

< Less than Comparison $x < $y

> Greater than Comparison $x > $y

Conditional and Operators

 switch
 Used in place of a long if–elseif–else conditional

Syntax :
switch ($variable) {
case ‘value1’ :
// do this
break;
case ‘value2’ :
// do this
break;
default :
// do this
break;
}
Validating Form Data

 Use of conditionals and any number of functions, operators

and expressions.
 Common functions : empty(), strlen(), isset()
Aims of validating data

 Why validate form?

 To ensure that something was entered or selected in form elements.

 To ensure that submitted data is of the right type (numeric, string,

etc), of the right format (eg: email addr), or a specific acceptable value
(eg: $gender is either M or F)
Sending Values to a script manually

 2 ways to pass a PHP script variables and values

 Use HTML hidden input type

<input type=“hidden” name=”name” value=“Brian”/>
As long as this code is anywhere between the form tags, the
variable $name will have a value of ‘Brian’ in the handling PHP script

 To append a value to the handling PHP scripts URL

www.smkbbb.edu.my/page.php?name=Brian
- Emulate the get method of an HTML form
The $source variable

Observe the action attribute in the form tag below :

appended!

The page (handle_calculator.php) that handles the form

(calculator.html) will receive a $source variable to indicate
where the data (hidden input) came from.
The $source variable need also be validated; is set or not and
if it is set with value, is the value correct or not.
What are Arrays?

 An array can hold multiple, separate pieces of

information
 List of values
 Each value being a string or a number or even another array
 Structured as a series of key-value pairs.
 Each item in the list, there is a key associate with it.
 Support 2 kind of arrays
 Indexed – use numbers as the key
 Associative – use strings as key
What are Arrays?

 Example – indexed Key Value

 $artists 0 Low
1 Aimee
2 Ani Difranco
3 Spiritualized

 Example – associative
 $states
Key Value
MD Maryland
PA Penssylvania
IL Illinois
MO Missouri
What are Arrays?

 To retrieve a specific value from an array, refer to the array name,

followed by the key, in square brackets
 echo $artists[2];
 echo $states[‘MD’];

 To print, wrap array name with curly braces

 echo “IL is the abbreviation for {$states[‘IL’]}.”;
Superglobal Arrays

 Very useful and powerful tool

 By default, PHP uses several types of arrays
 $_GET to store all of the variables and values sent via the get method
 $_POST to store all of the variables and values sent via the post method
 $_SESSION, $_COOKIE
Creating Arrays

 Syntax to create arrays

 Add an element at a time
 $array[] =‘value’;
 $array[] =‘value one’;
 $array[‘key’] =‘more values’;

 Use array() function to build an entire array

 $array =array(‘key’ =>’value’, ‘key2’ => ‘value2’);
 $array =array(‘value’,’value2’,’value3’);

 Create an array of sequential numbers, use range()

 $ten = range(1,10);
Accessing arrays

 Access every array element, use foreach loop:

Syntax :
foreach ($array as $value)
echo $value ;
 Iterate through every element in $array, assigning each element value to
the $value variable.
 To access both the keys and values
Syntax :
foreach ($array as $key => $value)
echo “The array value at $key is $value”;
Multidimensional arrays

 An array consisting of other arrays

 Combine 2 arrays into 1 multidimensional array
 $states = array (‘MD’ =>’MaryLand’, ‘IL’ =>’Illinois’);
 $provinces = array (‘QC’ =>’Quebec’, ‘AB’ =>’Alberta’);
 $abbr = array (‘US’ =>$states, ‘Canade =>$provinces’);

 To access $states array

 $abbr[‘US’];

 To access Maryland
 $abbr[‘US’][‘MD’]

 To print out
 echo “The US state whose abbreviation is MD is {$abbr[‘US’][‘MD’]}.”;
Array and strings

 2 functions for converting between strings and arrays

 $array = explode (separator, $string);
 Turning a string into an array
 $string =‘Jan-Feb-Mac-Apr-May’;
 $array =explode (‘-’, $string);
 $string = implode (glue, $array);
 Turning an array to string
 $string =implode (‘ , ’, $array);
 $string= ‘Jan,Feb,Mac,Apr,May’;
Sorting Arrays

 Use built in PHP function

 sort() – sort an array by value discarding the original keys
 The array keys will be reset after the sorting process
 Avoid use this function if key-value relationship is important.
 – sort an array by value while maintaining the key
asort()
 ksort() – sort an array by key

 Each of these can sort reverse order by changing them to

 rsort() , arsort() , krsort()
 shuffle() – to randomize the order of an array
For and While Loops

 While loop
 If the condition is still true, the loop will be executed
Syntax :
while (condition) {
// do something
}
 For loop
 first the initial expression is run, checked the condition and if true,
content of the loop is executed. After execution, checked closing
expression with condition again.
Syntax :
for (initial expression; condition; closing expression)
{
// do something
}