Numerical Systems

Representation, Conversion
&
Operation
 Systems
 Decimal (Base 10)
 Octal (Base 8)
 Binary (Base 2)
 Hexadecimal (Base 16)
 Conversion between systems
 Decimal (Base 10) Base
0-9
10
Counts 689
2
4 1
3
7
50

Weight 10000 1000 100 10 1

Digits 7 1
0 1
0
5 11
0 901 == =
1X1=1
= 1X10=10
1X100=100
7X10000=70000
1X10000=10000
1X1000=1000
 Octal (Base 8) Base
0-7
Counts 8 27
4
61
3
50

Weight 4096 512 64 8 1

Digits 7 1
0 1
0
5 11
0 301= 1X8=8
1X64=64
1X1=1
==1X4096=4096
1X512=512
= 7X4096=28672

= 7X4096+0X512+5X64+1X8+3X1=29003
70513)octal= 29003)decimal
 Binary (Base 2) Base
0-1
Counts 2 10

Weight 16 8 4 2 1
Digits 1 1
0 1
0 01 01 == 1X2=2
1X4=4
1X8=8
1X1=1
1X16=16

= 1X16+0X8+1X4+1X2+0X1=22
10110)binary= 22)decimal
 Decimal
24
100
101
19
18
17
16
15
99
98
97
96
95
14
13
12
11
10
23
22
21
20
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

 Binary
10000
1111
1110
1101
1100
1011
1010
1001
1000
111
101
100
110
11
10
1
0
 Hexadecimal (Base 16) Base
F-0
16
Counts 6D
2
489
1
3
7
5B
AC
0EF

Weight 65536 4096 256 16 1

Digits 7 1
0 1
A
0 01
D F1
0 ==
= =1X1=1
1X16=16
1X256=256
1X4096=4096
7X1X65536
65536 = 65536
=458752
= 7X 65536 +0X4096+10X256+13X16+15X1=461535

70ADF)Hex.= 461535)decimal
 Presentation
 Unsigned Binary ( all of the bits represent a +ve No)
 Signed Binary ( the MSbit represents –ve sign)
 Sign Magnitude
 One’s Complement
 Two’s Complement
 BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) 8421
 decimal 0 = 0000 in BCD
 decimal 5 = 0101 in BCD
 decimal 93 = 1001 0011 in BCD
 ASCII Code (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
 Extended ASCII Code
 Conversion between systems
Binary to Decimal & Decimal to Binary
 Binary to Decimal (as in the table of Binary system)
 Decimal to Binary (could be by successive division)
Binary to Hexadecimal & Hexadecimal to Binary
(as simple as grouping of each 4-bits & vice versa)

Binary to BCD & BCD to Binary

(as simple as grouping of each 4-bits & vice versa)
Decimal to any other system
(by successive division and taking the remainder in opposite )