6.2.

Human Movement &

Growth
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.1 Functions of Joints and Muscles in Movement
Biceps relax
Biceps
contract

Triceps Triceps
relax contract

Arm bend Arm straightens

Muscles
= made up of that made up of soft tissue

Antagonistic Muscles
= Skeletal muscles that act in pair and opposite
Example : Biceps & Triceps
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.1 Functions of Joints and Muscles in Movement

Joints
(point where meeting of two or more bones)

Movable Joints Immovable Joints

(joints that allow (joints that does not
limbs to move) allow limbs to
move)

Exp: Hinge joint at Exp: joint at the skull

elbow
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.1 Functions of Joints and Muscles in Movement

Biceps muscle

Triceps muscle

Ligaments

Hinge joint

Ligament
= connective tissue that joins two bones that are
elastic, flexible and strong
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.1 Functions of Joints and Muscles in Movement

Bones
Muscle

The synovial fluid functions to

lubricate and provide nutrients to
the cartilage. The synovial fluid
also act as a lubricant in the joint

The cartilage or cartilaginous

bone act as a cushion and
The tendon is a connective tissue that
protects the joint. The cartilage
connects muscle to the bone. The tendon
functions to reduce friction.
consists of a combination of fibres that are
strong and inelastic. The muscle contraction
force will be transferred to the bone through
the tendon
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Problem
The problem related to joints and muscle that often
happen are injury on joint and muscle due to
physical activity and knee pain among old age.

Task
Explain the way or suitable technique to avoid
injury on joints and muscle
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Happen to athlete
Muscle injury happen due to
1. Having weak muscle
2. Did not stretching before
activity
3. Do sudden heavy physical
activity
4. Did not use suitable
equipment
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Happen to athlete

Muscle cramp due to

1. Sudden and intense muscle
contraction.
2. Lack of natrium and
mineral salt
3. Dehydration
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Happen to old age

Arthritis
Deterioration and inflammation on joints
Joints show characteristic of swollen and redness
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Happen to old age

Osteoarthritis
Cartilage destruction

Arthritis rheumatoid
Inflammation membrane synovial on hand and leg
joints
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Happen to old age or menopause women (no

estrogen hormone)

Osteoporosis
Light, porous and brittle bones
Happen due to intense losing rate of mineral (calcium)
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Way to overcome
1. Food intake that high in calcium, phosphorus, iron,
fluorine & vitamin D for strong muscle building.
2. Exercise like walking or jogging
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Career related to joints and muscle problem

Orthopedic Specialist
Treat injury such as bone fractures, backbone defect &
deterioration bones
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Career related to joints and muscle

problem
Chiropractor Specialist
Related to diagnosis & treatment of mechanical muscle
system, skeleton and backbone disruptions
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.2 Problem Related to Joints and Muscle

Career related to joints and muscle problem

Physiotherapy Specialist
Rehabilitator that help patients recover and ensures
each patient’s physical function is at a high level
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.3 Human Growth Pattern

INFANT CHILD

AGED ADULT

ADOLESCENT
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.3 Human Growth Pattern
Height

Infancy Childhood Adolescence Adulthood Old age

Slow growth

Negative
growth (size
Rapid growth Rapid growth of body
reduces)

Minimal growth

Age
(year)
Figure 6.16 Human Growth Curve
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.4 Growth Pattern Between Males and Females

Males

Females
Height

Age
Year
Figure 6.17 Growth curve for males and females
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.4 Growth Pattern Between Males and Females
Stages MALE FEMALE
Infancy Rapid Rapid
(0-3 years) (cell growth rapid) (cell growth rapid)

Childhood Less rapid than infancy Less rapid than infancy

(Rapid than female) (Less rapid than male)

Adolescence Rapid Rapid

13-15 years (Less than female) (More than male)
Puberty : 14 years Puberty : 12 years

16-18 years Rapid until 18-20 years Less rapid & stop

Adulthood Less rapid, constant & stop Constant and stop

Old age Almost stop at all, body Almost stop at all, body reduces
reduces and smaller and smaller
 6.2 Human Movement & Growth
6.2.4 Growth Pattern Between Males and Females