CE408 IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

TOPICS: IRRIGATION ENGINEERING

WEEK: 5
LECTURE: 1
LEVEL: 8 T H SEMESTER
PREREQUISITES: NONE
 
COURSE TEACHER: ENGR. KHURAM SALEEM ( khurram
.civil@suit.edu.pk)
ACCESS AT: portal.suit.edu.pk
Civil Engineering Department, SUIT Peshawar
KHURAM SALEEM 1
Design of Irrigation Channels
Two Theories

1. Kennedy Theory of Channel Design

2. Lacey Theory Channel Desgn

KHURAM SALEEM 2
Kennedy Theory Perspective
Regime Channel:
A channel is said to be in a state of ‘Regime’ when it is non silting and non
scouring. A channel is non silting when the velocity of flow is such that whatever
silt enters the channel is kept in suspension and a channel is non scouring when
the velocity is such that the water causes no scouring.

KHURAM SALEEM 3
Kennedy’s Theory (1895):
R.G Kennedy was a British Executive Engineer in the Punjab PWD deptt. He had
conducted a 30 yrs research on Upper Bari Doab Canal System and presented his
theory for channel design.
His theory: That channel cross section has silt supporting power and this power
is due to generation of small undercurrents (Eddies) inside water. Eddies are
generated due to friction of flowing water with the channel inner surface (mainly
beds). These eddies rise upward and thus take the silt in upward direction. The
weight of the silt presses downward, and thus the sediment is kept suspended.
The velocity of the flowing water should be such that enough eddies are
generated due to friction of water with the bed of the channel and its sides.

KHURAM SALEEM 4
If enough eddies are generated, silt will be kept is suspension. And no siltation
will take place.
This velocity is called the Critical Velocity (V₀).

Horizontal eddies
Vertical eddies Sediment in suspension

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Vₒ = 0.55 m y⁰˙⁶⁴

Where Vₒ = Critical velocity in the channel in m/s

y = water depth in the channel in m
m = C.V.R = critical velocity ratio (it represents the type of soil through
which the canal is passing)

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Recommended values of CVR (m)
S.No Type of Silt Value of m
1. Silt of river Indus (Pakistan) 0.7

2. Light Sandy silt in North Indian rivers 1.0

3. Light Sandy silt, a little coarser 1.1

4. Sandy, loam silt 1.2

5. Debris of hard soil 1.3

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Question
Design an irrigation channel to carry 50 cumecs of discharge. The channel is to
be laid at a slope of 1 in 4000. The critical velocity ratio for the soil is 1.1
Use kutter’s rugosity coefficient = 0.023. Use kennedy’s method.
Solution:
Q = 50 cumecs
Sₒ = 1/4000 (assumed)
m = 1.1
n = 0.023

KHURAM SALEEM 8
Step 1:
Vₒ = 0.55 m y⁰˙⁶⁴
assume y = 2.0 m
Vₒ = 0.55 (1.1) (2.0)⁰˙⁶⁴ = 0.942 m/sec
Step 2:
A = Q = 50 = 53.1 m²
Vₒ 0.942

KHURAM SALEEM 9
Step 3
y/2
Assume a trapezoidal channel of side slopes ½:1
A = 2 [ 1/2 (y) (y/2)] + b (y) Wetted surface y
½:1
As we know Area of = ½ (base) (alt)
and Area of = length x width
b
Area of the trapezoid = area of 2 + area of
53.1 = 2 [ 1/2 (y) (y/2)] + b (y)
53.1 = y²/2 + by (y = 2.0 m assumed)
b = 25.55 m

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Step 4
Wetted Perimeter = P = side dimension + bottom + side dimension
Side dimension = √[(y/2)² + (y)²] ------------------------- Pythagoras Theorem
Side dimension = √[y²/4 + y²] = √[ 5y²/4] = (y/2) x √(5)
P = 2 [(y/2) x √(5)] + b = (y) x √ (5) + b = 2√(5) + 25.55
P = 30.03 m
Hydraulic Radius = Rһ = A = 53.1 = 1.77 m
P 30.03

KHURAM SALEEM 11
Step 5
 
now all the dimensions of the channel have been determined but the situation is
very weak because all these calculations are based upon an assumption (y = 2.0
m)
So lets verify that whether our assumption is in safe limits or not.
CHECK:
Using kutter’s formula
V= ]√(RһxSₒ) = ]√(1.77x1/4000) = 1.016 m/s

KHURAM SALEEM 12
V > Vₒ
1.016 > 0.942
This is an unsatisfactory check. It means that we have to increase Vₒ by
increasing the value of y.
So lets assume y = 2.7 m and repeat the whole procedure from step # 1 to # 5
Vₒ = 1.147 m/s
V = 1.148 m/s
V = Vₒ --------- condition satisfied for y = 2.7 m

KHURAM SALEEM 13
Question
Design an irrigation channel to carry 40 cumecs of discharge with B/D ratio as 2.5
The critical velocity ratio is 1.0. Assume a suitable value of kutter’s rugosity coefficient and use
kennedy’s method?
Solution:
Step 1:
Vₒ = 0.55 m y⁰˙⁶⁴
In this question y = D
Vₒ = 0.55 x 1 x D⁰˙⁶⁴
Step 2:
Q = A x Vₒ = A x 0.55D⁰˙⁶⁴ ------------------------ Eq 1

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Step 3
Using ½:1 slopes, lets imagine a trapezoidal section
D/2
The dashes show surface of the earth
in contact with water ½:1
D

A = BD + 2[ ½ x D x D/2] = BD + 0.5D² B

B/D = 2.5 (given)

B = 2.5 D (put it in Area equation)
A = 2.5D x D + 0.5D² = 2.5D² + 0.5D² = 3D²

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Step 4
Put A = 3D² in equation 1
Q = 3D² x 0.55D⁰˙⁶⁴ = 1.65 D²˙⁶⁴
40 = 1.65 D²˙⁶⁴ ----------------------- (Q = 40 cumecs GIVEN)
D = 3.34 m
B/D = 2.5
B = 2.5 x 3.34 = 8.36 m

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Step 5
The last step is to find the slope of the channel
We know:
D = 3.34 m, B = 8.36 m
Vₒ = 0.55 m D⁰˙⁶⁴ = 0.55 x 1 x (3.34)⁰˙⁶⁴ = 1.19 m/s
A = 3 D² = 3 x (3.34)² = 33.46 m
Now lets find, wetted Perimeter = P = 2√[(D/2)² + (D)²] + B
P = 2√[(3.34/2)² + (3.34)²] + 8.36 = 14.49 + 8.36 = 22.85 m
Hydraulic Radius = Rһ = A/P = 33.46/22.85 = 1.46 m

KHURAM SALEEM 17
Step 5 contd.
 Apply kutter’s formula.

Assume n = 0.023 and assume Sₒ = 1/4000

V= ]√(RһxSₒ) = ]√(1.46x1/4000)
V = 72.67 x 0.019 = 0.895 m/s
1.55
V < V₀ ----------------- (0.895 < 1.19)

KHURAM SALEEM 18
   to increase the value of V, lets increase the slope (steepen the slope)
So
Assume another value Sₒ = 1/2200 ; keep n = 0.023

V= ]√(RһxSₒ) = ]√(1.46x1/2200)
V = 69.88 x 0.0257 = 1.19 m/s
1.50
V = Vₒ ------------ (1.19 = 1.19) Sₒ = 1/2200 is the answer

KHURAM SALEEM 19
The end

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