Transportation Engineering CE-324: 30 August 2016 By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali BUET Khuzdar Assistant Professor: CED

Transportation Engineering
CE- 324
30 August 2016 By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali BUET Khuzdar
Assistant Professor: CED
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
 The branch of Civil Engineering

 deals with the design, construction
and maintenance of the railway tracks
 for safe and efficient movements of
trains
30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
SCOPE
A part from design, construction and
maintenance of tracks, Railway engineering
also includes the study of the following:
Types of engineering surveys necessary
Materials required for the construction
Track geometry.
Railway stations and yards.
Signaling and interlocking, etc.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Important Technical Terms
Railway:
 A track formed of rails of iron or steel along
which trains are driven is known as railway.
Rolling stock:
 The locomotives, passenger coaches and
goods wagon which roll or run on railway
tracks constitute rolling stock.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Locomotive:
 The fuel used, may be in the form of water and coal,
diesel or electricity.
Wagons:
 The goods compartments
 This term applies only to good stock.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Coaches or vehicles:
 The passenger compartments, term applies
only to coaching stock.
Coaching stock:
 vehicles that run in passenger trains
Goods stock:
 Wagons used for movement of goods, heavy
and bulky commodities

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Necessity of Railways
 Railways are significant and potential means
of transporting men and material over large
distance in a country.
 This system of conveyance helps in
manufacturing goods by transporting raw
materials from far off places to the factories
and
 also in transporting the finished products to
the marketing centers.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Necessity of Railways
 Introduction of Railways has converted barren
lands into green fields and well developed towns
and cities.
 Developing cultural and social ties among the
people by transporting them from one corner to the
other.
 Progress made by any country and well being of a
nation depends much on Railways.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Elements of Railway Track
1. Earthwork
2. Ballast
3. Rails
4. Sleepers

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Earthwork
Forms of cross-sections:
 The naturally occurring soil is known as the
subgrade and when it is prepared to receive the
ballast and track, it is called the formation.
 When the formation
is raised on bank of
earth, is called an
embankment.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Earthwork
 When it is made after cutting, below

ground level, is called cutting.
 In case of cutting, the
line is laid below
ground level and
hence, the required
portion is to be
excavated.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Earthwork
 A railway line may be constructed either on
embankment or in cutting or in a combined
section.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Earthwork
Width of formation depend on:
 the number of tracks,
 gauge of tracks,
 center to center distance between tracks,
 Width of ballast layer
 Width of trenches to drain off water, if
necessary.
Formation width is normally kept sloping from the
center for drainage purposes.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Ballast
 Ballast is the granular material usually

broken stone or bricks, gravel and sand
 placed and packed around the sleeper to
transmit load from sleeper to the
formation Layer.
Size = 20mm – 65mm

RAILWAY ENGINEERING

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Important Functions of Ballast
To transfer and distribute the load from sleepers to a
larger area of formation.
To provide necessary resistance to track for longitudinal
and lateral stability .
To provide effective drainage to track.
To provide effective means of maintaining evenness and
alignment of track

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Rails
The rolled steel sections laid end to end in two
parallel lines over sleepers to form a railway
track are known as RAILS.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Functions of the rails
 To provide continuous and level surface for the
movement of trains with minimum friction with steel
wheels of the rolling stock;
 Provide strength, durability and lateral guidance to the
track;
 Transmit the axle loads to sleepers which transfer the
same load to the underlying ballast and formation;
 Bear the stresses developed due to heavy vertical loads,
breaking forces and temperature variance.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Types of rails
1. Double Headed Rails

2. Bull Headed Rails
3. Flat-footed Rails

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Double Headed Rails
The rails having

their head and
foot of same
dimensions are
known as double
headed rail
(D.H.).
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Double Headed Rails
 They were introduced with the hope of doubling the
life of rails;
 When the upper table was worn out, the rails can be
reversed in the chair and thus, the lower table can be
brought into use;
 However, this idea soon turned out to be wrong
because it was observed that long contact with chairs
made the surface of lower table very rough and
smooth running of trains was then impossible.
 Thus, these rails are nowadays practically out of use;
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Bull Headed Rails
The rails section
having their head
of more dimension
then that of their
foot are known as
bull headed rails
(B.H.).

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Bull Headed Rails
 The head is larger than the foot and the foot is

designed only to properly hold the wooden keys
with which the rails are secured to chairs;
 The two cast-iron chairs are required for each
sleeper when these rails are adopted.
 These rails are extensively used in England and
in some parts of Europe.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Flat-footed Rails
The rail
section
having their
foot rolled to
a flat are
known as
flat footed
rails.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Advantages of Flat-footed Rails:
Chairs: No chairs are required in this form of

rails. The foot of the rail is directly spiked to the
sleepers. This fact makes them economical.
Stiffness: This form of rail is stiffer, both
vertically and laterally than the bull-headed rail of
equal weight. Especially on curves, the lateral
stiffness of rails is very important.
RAILWAY ENGINEERING
Advantages of Flat-footed Rails
Cost: The flat footed rails are found to be

cheaper than the bull-headed rails.
Load Distribution: The flat footed rail
distributes the train load over a great number of
sleepers. This results in greater track stability.

RAILWAY ENGINEERING
ASSIGNMENT # I
 Past ,Present and Future of railway in the
perspective of development in Pakistan.
 Problems associated with railroad
transportation in Pakistan:
 Their Causes and remedial measures need to
be taken into account to rectify the Problems
associated with it.
Thank You


Transportation Engineering CE-324: 30 August 2016 By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali BUET Khuzdar Assistant Professor: CED

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Transportation Engineering CE-324: 30 August 2016 By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali BUET Khuzdar Assistant Professor: CED

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Transportation Engineering

 The branch of Civil Engineering

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

 When it is made after cutting, below

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

 Ballast is the granular material usually

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

1. Double Headed Rails

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

The rails having

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

 The head is larger than the foot and the foot is

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

Chairs: No chairs are required in this form of

Advantages of Flat-footed Rails

Cost: The flat footed rails are found to be

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

30 Aug 2015 BUET Khuzdar By: Engr. Zulfiqar Ali

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