Air traffic control aids

• En route aids
• Landing aids
 En route aids
• Available to the pilot during his flight from one airport to
another.
• Airway beacon -spaced at 40 km apart
• Low/medium frequency radio range
• Very high frequency omni directional range
• Airground communications
• Distance measuring equipment
• Marker beacon
• Direction finder
• Air route surveillance radar
 Marker beacon
To determine the exact positions of radio range
stations and location
• Z- marker-as aircraft passese over Z marker
,there is a visual indication in the cockpit which
attains maximum brilliance directly over the
station.
• Simultaneously pilot hears a steady high pitched
signal through his earphone with maximum
intensity as the aircraft passes over the station
 ILS
• Consists of three components
• Localiser Antenna
• Glide slope Antenna
• Outer and middle markers
 Localiser Antenna
• Radio transmitter of very high frequency
omni-directional range
• Emits radio beam signal in vertical plane
• Indicates pilot whether he is to left or right
of correct alignment for approach to
runway
• Located along extended centre line of
runway.
 Glide slope Antenna
• It transmit radio beam signal in horizontal
plane
• Indicates the correct angle of descent to
runway
 Outer and middle marker
• Small radio transmitters which serves as
position reporting points
• As pilot passes over marker, he finds a visual
indication in cockpit and receives a high
pitched steady tone through his earphones
• Outer marker gives purple light on
instrumental panel located 7 km ahead of
runway threshold
• Middle marker -1 km
 Flight procedure
• Aircraft brought to holding fix by means of enroute aids.
• It is then taken over by the control tower.
• If two or more aircrafts have reached the holding point
simultaneously,they are detained by the control tower
and directed to keep moving round in space with a
vertical seperation of atleast 300 m
• After every two minutes the tower directs the aircraft at
bottom of stack to move out for final approach to airport
• Simultaneously the other aircrafts in the stack are
instructed to descend to lowe level and keep moving
round.
• As aircraft slides out from the bottom step, it is picked up by
the localiser
• Localiser provides alignment guidance along the centre line
of runway
• Glide slope facility provide guidance for angle of approach
• As aircraft passes the outer and middle markers,pilot receives
a high pitched steady tone and a visual indication in cockpit
• Markers define specific distance of aircraft from runway
threshold along localiser course
• As aircraft crosses middle marker,pilot changes from
instrumental to visual flight system.