Natural Resource

Governance
Wijanto Hadipuro
Program Magister Lingkungan dan
Perkotaan
Unika Soegijapranata
 Outline
 Introduction to Natural Resource
Governance
 Thomas Sikor et al.’s article

 Wijanto Hadipuro’s article

 Lockwood’s article

 Concluding Remarks
 Governance: Background
 1970s global recession;
 the demise of state-led economic
growth;
 borrowing bonanza => 1980s debt
mountain rose;

Erik Swyngedouw Privatizing H2O

 Governance: Definition
Governance implies that the
management of public sector is not
the exclusive responsibility of
government, but involves
relationship between government
and non governmental actors

Gary Stoker and Carol Rakodi

 Governance: Types and
Characteristics (1)
Common purpose, joint action, a
framework of shared values,
continuous interaction and the wish
to achieve collective benefits that
cannot be gained by acting
independently (Stoker, 1998 and
Rakodi, 2003)
 Governance: Types and
Characteristics (2)
 Hierarchical governance is the process in which
leaders control non-leaders, including steering.
 Co-governance; The essential element of co-
governance is that the interacting parties have
something ‘in common’ to pursue together, that
in some way autonomy and identity are at stake.
One of the examples is Public-Private Partnership.
 Self-governance is the capacity of societal entities
to provide the necessary means to develop and
maintain their own identity, and thus show a
relatively high degree of social-political
autonomy.

Jan Kooiman Governing as

Governance
 Multi-level and Multi-actor
Governance
 Multi-level Governance:
– Global Organizations
– Supra-national Organizations
– National Organizations
– Local Organizations
 Multi-actorGovernance:
Government, Private, NGOs, and
Individual (+farmers)
LG Simmons Earth, Air and Water
Chapter 10
Thomas Sikor dkk.
Thomas Sikor et al.’ s article (1)
 No need to make a dichotomy on
public and private in resource
governance
 Current issues in resource
governance:
– Regulation, public actors aim to
influence private action for the sake of
public interests.
– …
Thomas Sikor et al.’ s article (2)
– Subsidies, public actors try to influence
private actors by offering monetary
payments
– Decentralization, public authority has
shifted from centralized agencies to
regional and local units.
– Privatization, involves movements from
the public to the private sphere by
shifting actions and/or resource rights
across the boundary between public and
private.
Thomas Sikor et al.’ s article (3)
– Participation, opening up new avenues
for private actors to become involved in
public affairs
– Devolution, shifts public powers from
the state to an institution outside the
state (users association/cooperatives)
– Public-private partnership, State and
nonstate actors not only cooperate but
also form new institutions that are
neither solely state nor entirely market
Thomas Sikor et al.’ s article (4)
– Labelling => private actions or
promoted by state agencies
 Changes in public/private relations:
Multiple publics, many privates, and new
hybrids
New models of public and private in
resource governance (see p. 16-17)
 Proves through ten empirical analysis
in six policy fields (see p. 18)
Critics to Thomas Sikor
et al.’s article
?
 Wijanto Hadipuro’s article
Public, private and community-based
system matter in resource
governance
Dynamic
Domination and hegemony
 Two-tiers of Governance Analysis
Actor and Institutional Levels
Institution

Civil Society

Market

State

Civil Society

Actor Civil Society Private Government Civil Society

 Institutions
 Rules of the game in a society, more
formally, are humanly devised
constraints that shape human
interactions => formal and informal.
 Reduce uncertainty by providing a
structure to everyday life.
 Violations and punishment.

Douglass C North Institutions,

Instituional Change and Economic
Performance
Typical Characteristics of Institution
Types
 State as an institution: the hierarchical
principle
 Market as an institution:buyers and
sellers, division of labour, the enforcement
of the rules can be left to members, and
competition between number of actors
(buyers and/or sellers) and that ends up
with an exchange for a few of the actors
 Civil society as institution: the interactions
somewhat spontaneous, semi-formalized,
mainly horizontal, non-interventionist
nature
Jan Kooiman Governing as
Governance
Critics to Wijanto
Hadipuro’s article
?
 Lockwood’s article
 How governance leads to sustainable
natural resource.
 Eight principles:

– Legitimacy
– Transparency
– Accountability
– Inclusiveness
– ...
 Lockwood’s article
– Fairness
– Integration
– Capability
– Adaptability
Legitimacy
Transparency
Accountability
Inclusiveness
Fairness
Integration
Capability
Adaptability