Transducers

BISWAJIT JENA
FLOW MEASUREMENTS
Contact type
ORIFICE

VENTURI

Non Contact type

MAGNETIC FLOW METER

ULTRASONIC FLOW METER

Contact type(Head Type)

Bernoulli's principle

Flow = const. * square root of PD

ORIFICE VENTURI
Problems…

 The orifice plate is not recommended for slurries and dirty fluids, where solids may
accumulate near the orifice plate.
 For flows at less than 10,000 Reynolds number
 New installation is problematic.
 Permanent pressure loss is there
 No recommended for corrosive fluid
 MAGNETIC FLOW METER
physical principle at work is
electromagnetic induction.
any change in the magnetic field
with time associated with a
conductor induces electric field.

E = Blv

A magnetic field is applied to

the metering tube, which results
in a potential difference
proportional to the flow velocity
perpendicular to the flux lines.
Advantages

 The magnetic flow meter is totally obstruction less and has no moving parts. Pressure loss
of the flow meter is no greater than that of the same length of pipe. Pumping costs are
thereby minimized.
 The meters are suitable for most acids, bases, waters, and aqueous solutions,
 The meters are widely used for slurry services not only because they are obstructionless
but also because some of the liners,
 Magmeters are capable of handling extremely low flows.
Disadvantages

 The meters work only with conductive fluids. Pure substances, hydrocarbons, and gases
cannot be measured. Most acids, bases, water, and aqueous solutions can be measured.

 Electrical installation care is essential.

 Cost is high.
ULTRASONIC FLOW METER
Receiver/transmitter

Receiver/transmitter
 ULTRASONIC FLOW METER

 Ultrasonic pulses are beamed from transducers mounted on

opposite sides of the pipe. These pulses are fired alternately
upstream and downstream. Pulses fired downstream travel
faster as they are carried by the flow. Pulses fired upstream
travel slower as it fights the flow. The difference in time for a
pulse to travel upstream and downstream is measured. The
greater the difference in time between upstream and
downstream pulses, the faster the flow. The flow rate is
calculated based on the cross sectional area of the meter tube
 Advantages and disadvantages
Turbine flow Meters

 It utilizes a wheel-like rotor whose motion is converted by a pickup coil into a frequency
output that is proportional to flow .
 4-20 mA, 0-5 V, or amplified pulse outputs
 Turbine meters are used for clean fluids only
Different ways of measuring temperature

 Resistance Temperature Detectors

 Thermocouple

 Radiation Pyrometer
Resistance Temperature Detectors

Resistance of a material changes with the change in temperature. It has

Positive temp. coefficient

 Rt = Ro[1 + α (t – to)]
Where,
 Rt = Resistance at Current Temperature
 Ro = Resistance at Standard Temperature
 α = Temperature coefficient of resistance
 to = Standard temperature
 t = Current temperature
Materials used

 RTDs are named according to the material used and their resistance
at 0 deg C
 Pt100 – Platinum (−240°C to+649°C)
 Pt1000 – Platinum (−196°C to +538°C)
 Ni120 – Nickel (−212°C to+316°C)
 Cu10 – Copper
Compare..
RTD Connection

 2wire
 3wire
 4wire