SOCIO-ECONOMIC PROBLEMS

Ajay Massand
 Socio-economic problems

1) Population Growth
www.livepopulation.com
; www.worldometers.info/world-population/india-population/
authentic source: www.census2011.co.in

2) Poor educational standards. web.worldbank.org/archive/website01291/WEB/0_CO-14.HTM

3) Poor Infrastructure.

4) Balance of Payments deterioration. (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZnyPcOz6bqc)

5) High levels of private debt .

6) Inequality has risen rather than decreased.

7) Large Budget Deficit.

 socio-economic problem

8) Rigid labour Laws .

9) Inefficient agriculture.

10) Poor tax collection rates.

11) Business difficulties.

12) Inequality within regions.

13) Unemployment
 THEORY OF DEMOGRAPHIC
TRANSITION

• Stage I- slow population growth: high birth rate and high death rate.
• Stage II- high income-development-high life expectancy rate- decline in the
death rate-high birth rate (resulted in high population growth).
• Stage III-low death rate and low birth rate.
DOES ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT
ACCELERATE OR RETARD
POPULATION GROWTH
OR
DOES POPULATION GROWTH
CONTRIBUTES TO OR RETARD
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?
 CAUSES FOR HIGH BIRTH RATE IN
INDIA (SOCIAL FACTORS)

a) Universality of marriage
b) Marriage at young age.
c) Joint family system.
d) Preference for a son.
 C A U S E S F O R H I G H B I RT H R AT E I N I N D I A
E C O N O M I C FA C TO R S

a) Poverty- helping hand at early age.

b) Lack of social security- with high infant mortality rate + lack
of pension
c) Illiteracy, Ignorance & belief in faith- Child as the “will of
God”
d) Ineffective family planning- social, economic, religious, and
cultural factors.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8aURpN4Gqk

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ngPqmHHsNo
 GROUP DISCUSSION

1. Overpopulation is the mother of poverty and illiteracy in India.

2. India is facing unemployment crisis?

 Problems of Development -poverty and inequality

• Indian official defini­tion of poverty goes in terms of calorie intake. It is measured by expenditure required
for a daily calorie intake of 2,400 per person in rural areas and 2,100 in urban areas. The expenditure is offi­
cially estimated at Rs. 228.90 per capita per month in rural areas and Rs. 264.10 in urban areas at 1993-94
prices.
• https://
timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/New-poverty-line-Rs-32-in-villages-Rs-47-in-cities/articleshow/3792044
1.cms

Causes for Poverty & Inequality

1) High Population growth.

2) High level of Illiteracy.

3) Poor health care facilities.

4) Lack of access to financial resources.

 Causes for Poverty & Inequality

5)Increase in prices of basic commodities.

6) Caste system, unequal distribution of income &resources.

7) Low wages for un-skilled workers.

8) Rural poverty is largely due to low productivity and unemployment.

9) Anti-poverty measures adopted by the government are grossly inadequate.

 Un-employment

Employment Structure in India

A) Sectoral Composition

1) 41% of the work force is engaged in agriculture.

2) 24% in secondary sector.

3) 35% in the tertiary sector.

Various schemes to reduce unemployment and underemployment

Government of India set up a committee with M. Bhagvati as chairman to suggest measures to solve the
unemployment problem.

• Rural works programme.

• Marginal Farmers and Agricultural Labourers.

• Small Farmers Development Agencies.

• Integrated Dry Land Agricultural Development.

• Agro Service Centers.

• Area Development schemes.

• Crash Programme for Rural Employment.

 Some Important Programmes

• Employment Guarantee Scheme of Maharashtra. (EGS) 72-73 4th plan period

• National Rural Employment programme (NREP) 1980 6th plan period.

• Rural Landless Employment guarantee Programme (RLEGP) 1983.

• Integrated Rural development Programme (IRDP) October 1980.

• Jawahar Rozgar Yojana (JRY) April 1989.

• Indira Awaas Yojana (IAY) 1989-90.

• Jawahar Gram Smridhi Yojana (JGSY) April 1999.

• Swaran Jayanti gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY) 1999

• Swaran Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRY) December 1997