Answers to Midterm Review

Packet
 1. Homeostasis
• Maintaining a stable
internal balance
 2. Controlled Experiment
• An experiment set up in
duplicate in which a single
factor is changed in one
set up but not the other
• Experiment is designed to
scientifically solve a
question
 3. Control Group

• The normal situation

• Used as a reference
in the experiment
• Group in a controlled
experiment that does
not have the variable
 4. Independent Variable
• The ONE factor that is changed in a
controlled experiment
• “Independent variable starts with I, it’s the
variable that I change.”
• Examples:
 5. Dependent Variable
• The variable that changes because of the
independent variable
• It depends on the independent variable
• What is measured
• Examples:
 6. Compound Light Microscope
• Is an instrument for viewing
objects that are too small to
be seen by the naked eye
• Too small for a CLM: atom,
virus, molecules, DNA,
mitochondria, lysosome,
ribosomes, …
• Visible with the CLM:
nucleus, chloroplasts, cell
membrane and wall, THE
CELL, vacuole…
 7. Organic Compound
• Any compound that contains BOTH carbon and
hydrogen
• Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, enzymes, nucleic
acids
• Glucose, starch,….
 8. Inorganic Compound
• Any compound that does
not contain both carbon and
hydrogen

• It can contain either carbon

or hydrogen

• Ex: Salt (NaCl), CO2, H2O

 9. Carbohydrate
• A large group of compounds that consist of
simple sugars like glucose and much more
complex sugars like starch
• Made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
• Used for energy (for cellular respiration)
 10. Protein
• LARGE molecules made up of carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• Made up of long chains of amino acids
that are folded and twisted together
 11. Lipid
• Provide and store
energy
• Protect organs
• Provide insulation
• Part of cell membrane
• Carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen
• Made up of 1 glycerol
and 3 fatty acids
 12. Enzyme
• Biological catalysts that are involved in every
biochemical reaction that takes place in the body
• Speed up the reaction
• Not changed during reaction so can be reused
• Type of protein
 13. Substrate
• Substance that the enzyme is working on
 14. Active Site
• The part of the enzyme that “locks into”
the substrate
 15. Lock and Key Model
• Enzymes are specific to one substrate,
just like a specific key can only unlock a
specific lock Enzyme
locked
into the
substrate
 16. Organelle
• Cell parts
• Specialized structures in the cytoplasm of cells
that carry out specific functions
 17. Cell Membrane
• Outside boundary of a cell
• Semi-permeable
 18. Cell Membrane Receptors
• Found on the surface on the cell
membrane
• Allow cells to communicate
 19. Nucleus
• Controls all cellular activity
 20. Ribosomes
• Make proteins
 21. Mitochondria
• Site of cellular respiration!
• Makes ATP
 22. Vacuole
• Storage site
• Plant cells have a large, central vacuole to store water
 23. Lysosome
• Organelles filled with digestive enzymes
 24. Chloroplast
• Site of photosynthesis in PLANTS
 25. Diffusion
• The movement of materials from an area of HIGH
concentration to LOW concentration
• No energy necessary
• Type of Passive Transport
 26. Osmosis
• Diffusion of water
• Type of Passive Transport
 27. Active Transport
• Movement of materials from an area of
LOW concentration to HIGH concentration
• Requires energy (ATP)
Passive & Active Transport
 28. Photosynthesis
• the process a plant uses to combine sunlight,
water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and
sugar (energy)
• Takes place in chloroplasts
 29. Heterotroph
• Organisms that must consume pre-made
compounds
• Humans, protists, dogs, cats….
• Cannot make their own food through
photosynthesis
 30. Autotroph
• Organisms that can
make their own food
(glucose)

• Usually through
photosynthesis
 31. Metabolism
• The sum of all of the chemical reactions that take
place in your body
• Ex: cellular respiration, digestion…
 32. Controlled Variable
• In a controlled experiment, the variables
(except the independent) that are kept the
same
• Examples:
 33. Cellular Respiration
• The process by which
organisms convert O2
and glucose into CO2,
H2O and ATP
• Takes place in the
mitochondria.
 34. ATP
• Molecule that has energy stored in phosphate
bonds.
 33. What are the difference between
plant and animal cell?
Plant Cell Animal Cell

Square shape Round Shape

Cell Wall and No Cell wall or

chloroplasts chloroplasts
Autotroph Heterotroph

Large Vacuole Small Vacuole

34. What are the subunits for each of the following molecules?
Place a check mark next to the terms that can pass through the
cell membrane.
Subunit/Building Block
Molecule

Glucose √√
Starch

Lipid
Fatty Acid and Glycerol
√√
Protein
Amino Acid √√

Glucose√√
Sucrose (a disaccharide)

DNA
Nucleotides √√
 35. Explain passive and active transport.
• Passive Transport:
movement of molecules
from an area of HIGH
concentration to LOW
concentration. No energy
is necessary

• Active Transport:
movement of molecules
from an area of LOW
concentration to HIGH
concentration. Energy
(ATP) is necessary
 36. What are the components of a
controlled experiment?
• Control Group
• Experimental Group with 1 variable
• Controlled Variables (components that are
held constant throughout experiment)
• Repeat Trials
• Large Sample Size
• Repeatability by others
 37. Explain the cell membrane.
Don’t forget receptor molecules.
• Thin membrane that surrounds all cells
• Made of a double layer of lipids and protein
channels
• Acts as a barrier by controlling the passage of
materials into and out of the cell (selectively
permeable)
• Recognizes and responds to chemical signals
such as hormones allowing different cells to
communicate because it has receptor molecules
on surface
Cell Membrane
Selective Permeability in Action
 38. What are the levels of
organization
• Organelle
• Cell
• Tissue
• Organ
• Organ Systems
• Organism
39. What are the 8 life processes?
• Growth: living things increase in size
• Respiration: a chemical reaction that
converts glucose to ATP. All living things
need energy!
• Reproduction: To make one or more of
your own species. Asexual (offspring are
genetically identical to parent) and sexual
(required two parents; offspring are
genetically different)
39. What are the 8 life processes?
• Synthesis: to take simple molecules and
make something more complex
- Ex: joining several glucose molecules
to form starch!
• Nutrition: how an organism obtains its
nutrients (autotrophic and heterotrophic)
• Excretion: how an organism rids itself of
metabolic wastes (urine, perspiration…)
39. What are the 8 life processes?
• Regulation: how an organism maintains
homeostasis
• Transport: circulating and absorbing
nutrients throughout an organism
 40. What is the equation for
photosynthesis

light
• CO2 + H2O  C6H12O6 + O2
• Changes inorganic molecules into organic
molecules!
41. What is the equation for cellular
respiration
• C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + 36 ATP
• All living organisms carry out CR
41. What factors affect the rate of
enzyme controlled reactions?
41. What factors affect the rate
of enzyme controlled reactions?
• Temperature
• pH
• Concentration of enzymes
• Shape
• Can be reused
• Must lock into a specific substrate
 42. Indicators
• Indicators change color in the presence of
specific compounds
• Iodine turns blue/black in the presence of
starch
• Biuret’s reagent turns violet in the
presence of proteins
 43. Microscope
1. Place slide on stage
2. Use the coarse adjustment to focus
under low power
3. As you switch to medium and high
power, use the fine focus to make
adjustments
 44. Single celled Vs. multicellular
organisms
• Unicellular organisms – organelles
• Multi-cellular organisms have organ
systems that help them maintain
homeostasis