Science 7

First Quarter
Teacher Apple
TOPIC I: MATTER
SUBTOPICS:
-Scientific Method
-Solutions
-Substances and Mixtures, -
Elements and Compounds -Acids,
Bases and Salts
-Metals and Nonmetals

FIRST QUARTER: MATTER

LEARNING COMPETENCIES FOR THIS QUARTER:
1. Describe the components of a scientific investigation.
2. Recognize that substances are classified into elements
and compounds.
3. Distinguish mixtures from substances based on a set of
properties.
4. Investigate properties of unsaturated or saturated
solutions.
5. Express concentrations of solutions quantitatively by
preparing different concentrations of mixtures
according to uses and availability of materials.

FIRST QUARTER: MATTER

SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION
SCIENTIFIC METHOD-
involves the systematic
way of solving scientific
problems.

FIRST QUARTER: MATTER

STEPS IN SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1. Identify the problem
2. Gather information about the problem
3. Formulate hypothesis (intelligent guess,
working guess, tentative answer)
4. Test the hypothesis (Experimenting)
5. Formulate conclusion (Answer to the
question or problem )
6. Communicate the results

FIRST QUARTER: MATTER

Exercise 1: Suppose you want to prove
that organic fertilizers can improve the
growth and development of plants.
Following the steps in scientific
investigation, come up with the plan
on how you are going to solve this
problem.

FIRST QUARTER: MATTER

What is Matter?
It is anything that has
mass and volume.

REVIEW ON MATTER
CLASSIFICATIONS OF MATTER

MATTER

SUBSTANCES MIXTURES

Elements Compounds Homogeneous Heterogeneous

Metals Nonmetals Metalloids Acids Bases Salts Solutions Suspensions Colloids

REVIEW ON MATTER
SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
SUBSTANCES- are material that is composed
of only one kind of atom or molecule. It has
the same composition and properties
throughout (PURE SUBSTANCE).

MIXTURES- are physical combination of two

or more different kinds of substances in which
each substances retains its own identity and
can still be separated into their original
components.

REVIEW ON MATTER
SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES
SUBSTANCES
Homogeneous
Has definite composition
The original components lose
its own identity
Can only be separated by
chemical means
REVIEW ON MATTER
MIXTURES
Can be homogeneous
(solution) or heterogeneous
(suspension & Colloid)
Has variable composition
The original components
retain its own identity
Can still be separated by
physical means
Take note:
Mixture can be
homogeneous (has one
appearance or phase only)
or heterogeneous (has two
or more distinct
appearances or phases).
REVIEW ON MATTER
SUBSTANCES or MIXTURES?
EXERCISE 1: Identify whether the following is a Substance (S) or Mixture
(M).
________1. Table sugar
________2. Milk
________3. Baking soda
________4. Air
________5. Diamond
________6. Sterling silver
________7. 24K ring
________8. Vinegar
________9. Tin can
________10. Muriatic acid

REVIEW ON MATTER
MIXTURES- are physical
combination of two or more
different kinds of substances in
which each substances retains its
own identity and can still be
separated into their original
components.

MIXTURES
MIXTURES are classified
as:
Solution
Suspension
Colloid

MIXTURES
SOLUTIONS- are homogeneous
mixture of two or more substances
which is just physically combined and
can still be separated by physical
means.
Ex. Seawater, air, brine solution, crude
oil, medicine syrup, vinegar, soy sauce,
alloy (bronze is an alloy of copper and
tin. Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc)

SOLUTIONS
1. Solute- refers to the
dissolved substance in the
solution. Ex. Salt in water, alcohol
in water
2. Solvent- refers to the
dissolving medium. Usually present
in large amount. Ex. Water, oil,
alcohol, kerosene
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION
SUSPENSION- is a
heterogeneous mixture of two
or more different materials in
which the dispersed particles
are large and settle out at the
dispersing medium.

SUSPENSION
In suspension, particles are suspended
throughout in bulk and can be seen by
naked eyes. Particles of solute do not
dissolve rather are suspended, and are
large enough to scatter rays of light and
path of ray is visible through a
suspension.
Ex. Suspension medicines, soil in water,
Milk of magnesia, fog, mixture of chalk
and water

SUSPENSION
1. Suspensions are heterogeneous mixture of two or
more substances.
2. Particles of solute do not dissolve in solvent rather
they remain suspended in bulk throughout.
3. The size of particles of suspension is large enough
to be visible from naked eyes. They are greater than
1 nanometre (10−9 metre).
4. Suspension shows Tyndall effect because of their
large size of particles. (Tyndall effect is the
scattering of light as a light beam passes through a
colloid. The individual suspension particles scatter
and reflect light, making the beam visible)

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUSPENSION
Tyndall Effect

GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUSPENSION
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUSPENSION
5. When suspension is left for some
time, particles get settled in bottom.
Therefore, suspension is not stable.
6. The particles of suspension can be
separated through the process of
filtration.
7. Suspension does not scatter light
when particles are settled because in
this case suspension breaks.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS
OF SUSPENSION
Dispersed medium- refers to
component of a suspension in
which some were dissolved in the
system while others were not
dissolved.
Dispersing medium- refers to
component of a suspension where
particles dissolved or scatter.
COMPONENTS OF SUSPENSION
Check which of the following is a
suspension:
_______1. Pork sinigang
_______2. antibiotics
_______3. liquors
_______4. Soy sauce
_______5. Copper wire
_______6. mayonnaise
_______7. Iron filings in water
_______8. pebbles and sand
_______9. aerosols
_______10.Fish sauce

SUSPENSION OR NOT?
COLLOIDS- is a heterogeneous
mixtures having dispersed medium that
is smaller those of the suspension but
bigger that those of the solution. As a
result, the particles are so small that
do not settle out but remains dispersed
all throughout the colloidal system
(Brownian motion). Ex. Mayonnaise, hair
gel, gelatin, aerosols

COLLOIDS
1. Dispersed phase is the
solute like component of
colloidal solution is called
dispersed phase.
2. Dispersion medium is the
solvent like component which
may be solid, liquid or gas.

COMPONENTS OF COLLOIDS
TYPES OF COLLOIDS
SOLUTIONS- are homogeneous mixture of
two or more substances which is just
physically combined and can still be
separated by physical means. Ex. Seawater,
air, brine solution, crude oil, medicine
syrup, vinegar, soy sauce, alloy (bronze is
an alloy of copper and tin. Brass is an alloy
of copper and zinc)

SOLUTIONS
1. Solute- refers to the
dissolved substance in the
solution. Ex. Salt in water, alcohol
in water
2. Solvent- refers to the
dissolving medium. Usually present
in large amount. Ex. Water, oil,
alcohol, kerosene
COMPONENTS OF SOLUTION
 TYPES OF SOLUTION
ACCORDING TO PHASES
SOLUBILITY refers to the maximum
amount of solute that can dissolve in a
given amount of solvent at a certain
temperature. Ex. At 25oC, a saturated
solution of table salt has only 36.0 g (3
tablespoons) dissolved in 100 mL of
water. Any additional table salt will no
longer dissolve.

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
ACCORDING TO SOLUBILITY
1. SATURATED SOLUTION- solution that
contains the maximum amount of solute dissolved
by a given amount of solvent in a given
temperature.
2. UNSATURATED SOLUTION- contains less
solute than the maximum amount it can dissolve at
a given temperature.
3. SUPERSATURATED SOLUTION- contains
excess solute that can be dissolved by a given
amount of solvent in a given temperature.

TYPES OF SOLUTIONS
ACCORDING TO SOLUBILITY
1. CONCENTRATED SOLUTION-
when there is a large amount of
dissolved solute for a certain volume
of solvent.
2. DILUTE SOLUTION- has a small
amount of dissolved solute in
comparison to the amount of
solvent.
TYPES OF SOLUTIONS ACCORDING TO
CONCENTRATION
FORMULA: % volume= Volume of Solute/Volume of Solution X 100 %

WAYS TO EXPRESS CONCENTRATION

OF SOLUTIONS
Sample Problem (Percent by Volume)
How many mL of ethyl
alcohol are present in a 50
mL bottle of a 70% alcohol
solution?

WAYS TO EXPRESS CONCENTRATION

OF SOLUTIONS
PERCENT BY MASS describes the amount of solute in a given
mass of solvent expressed as grams solute per 100 grams of
solution.

Ex. Pure gold is referred to as 24 karats. Jewelry that is said to

be 18 karats contains 18 grams of gold for every 24 grams of
the material, the remaining 6 grams consist of the other
metal like copper or silver.

This material has a concentration of 75% gold, that is,

[18/24(100)]. A 14 karat (14K) gold contains 14 grams gold
and 10 grams of another metal, making it 58.3% gold.

WAYS TO EXPRESS CONCENTRATION

OF SOLUTIONS
FORMULA: % MASS= MASS OF SOLUTE/MASS OF SOLUTION X 100 %

PERCENT BY MASS
Sample Problem

A one peso coin has a mass

of 5.5 grams. How many
grams of copper are in a one
peso coin containing 75%
copper by mass?
PERCENT BY MASS
ELEMENTS are substances that are made up
of one kind of atom only. Ex. Hydrogen (H),
Oxygen (O), Sodium (Na), Chlorine (Cl), gold
(Au), Silver (Au)

COMPOUNDS-are combination of two or

more different kinds of atoms. Ex. Water
(H2O), common table salt or sodium chloride
(NaCl), sulfuric acid (H2SO4), acetic acid
(HCH3COO).
ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
EXERCISE 2: Identify whether the following is an Element (E)
or Compound (C).
1. silver
2. Copper wire
3. Table salt
4. Moth balls
5. Ascorbic acid
6. Kerosene
7. Aluminum foil
8. Rubber
9. Helium
10. Chalk

ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS

ACIDS- are compounds that yield
H+ in aqueous solution. Ex.
Muriatic acid (HCl), sulfuric acid
(H2SO4)
-generally have sour taste.
- turns blue litmus paper to red.
- reacts with bases to form salts in
the process called neutralization.
ACIDS AND BASES
BASES- are compounds that yield OH- in
aqueous solution. Ex. Antacids (Ca(OH)2 ,
Mg(OH)2), most of the cleaning materials
like soap, toothpaste.
-generally have bitter taste.
- turns red litmus paper to blue.
- reacts with acids to form salts in the
process called neutralization.

ACIDS AND BASES

INDICATORS are used to
identify how acidic or how
basic a compound is. There are
natural indicators like camote
tops or eggplant extract. pH
level is used to measure this.

ACIDS AND BASES

ACIDS AND BASES
ACIDS AND BASES
EXERCISE 3: Identify whether the following is an Acid (A) or
Base (B).
1. Shampoo
2. Baking soda
3. Fruit juice
4. soft drinks
5. Vinegar
6. Detergent
7. Buko juice
8. Blood
9. Milk
10. Pure water

ACIDS AND BASES

pH and the Human Body
Acids and bases perform specific functions to balance
the pH levels in the body. When your body has too
much carbon dioxide, the blood becomes too acidic.
You breathe slowly. Breathing is slowed to increase
the pH in the blood. If pH in the body is too basic, you
will hyperventilate to lower the pH. This acid and base
control is an important part of biological homeostasis
(balance) in humans. In fact, human life is sustained
only if the pH of our blood and body tissues is within a
small range near 7.4.

Importance of pH
Use of pH in Food Processing and Fruit Preservation
During food processing, pH is closely
followed. Changes in pH affect the growth
of microorganisms, which cause food
spoilage. Most bacteria grow best at or
near pH 7. To prevent the growth of
harmful bacteria, pickling is an effective
food preservation method because it
lowers pH.
Importance of pH
Use of pH in Food Processing and Fruit Preservation
During food processing, pH is closely followed. Changes in pH
affect the growth of microorganisms, which cause food
spoilage. Most bacteria grow best at or near pH 7. To prevent
the growth of harmful bacteria, pickling is an effective food
preservation method because it lowers pH.
The control of pH is also needed in wine and jam preparation.
A few species of bacteria grow in a basic medium of pH 9-10.
This is the pH range of stale eggs. Most molds grow within the
pH range of 2- 8.5. In acidic conditions, many fruits and
products made from fruits are easily attacked by molds unless
the fruits are properly protected.

Importance of pH
Control of pH in Soil
The pH of soil is very important. Some plants grow well in
acidic soil while others prefer basic soil. Farmers need to
know the pH of their soil since plants will only grow in a
narrow pH range. The pH also affects how much nutrients
from the soil become available to plants.

The following useful plants in the Philippines grow in acidic

soils: banana, kaimito, durian, pineapple, soybean, coffee,
eggplant, squash, kamote, and rice. Other plants like grapes
and pechay require basic soils. Some plants grow best in
almost neutral soil like orange, peanut, watermelon, beans,
cabbage, tomato, corn garlic, and onion.

Importance of pH
pH of Rainwater
The average pH of rain is 5.6. This slightly acidic pH is due to
the presence of carbon dioxide in the air. In many areas of the
world, rainwater is much more acidic, sometimes reaching pH
3 or even lower.

Rain with a pH below 5.6 is called “acid rain.” The acidic

pollutants in the air that come from the burning of fuels used
in power plants, factories, and vehicles produce gases which
are acidic. These gases enter the atmosphere and dissolve in
water vapor in the air. Some acid rain is due to natural
pollutants like those from volcanic eruptions and lightning.

Importance of pH
Maintaining pH of Personal Care Products
Most personal care products have pH kept at specific levels to avoid
harmful effects on the body. This is true for hair products. For example,
at pH 12, hair already dissolves, that is why hair removers usually have
pH of 11.5 to12. Most shampoos are within the pH range of 4 to 6. This
is because the pH of the product must be compatible with that of the
hair, which is in the range pH 4 to 5. Hair is least swollen and is strongest
at this pH range. But very often, using shampoo leaves the hair basic. So,
in order to avoid eye irritation and stinging, shampoos for infants and
children have a pH similar to that of tears (pH 7.4).

Hair has a protective covering called sebum. The use of conditioners

after using shampoo puts back this oily coating and penetrates the hair
shaft itself.

Importance of pH
 METALS NONMETALS
Lustrous Dull n color
Good heat and electrical insulators
conductors
Ductile-can be drawn into fine Not ductile
wires
Malleable-can be hammered into Not malleable
thin sheets without breaking

Mostly hard brittle

Mostly magnetic- attracted to Not magnetic
magnets

METALS AND NONMETALS

http://
studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/m
atter/acids-and-bases.htm

http://
studyjams.scholastic.com/studyjams/jams/science/m
atter/elements-and-compounds.htm

http://www.mrwiggersci.com/chem/tutorials/ch3-rev-
pract-classify-matter--
blacksburg.htm

https://wordwall.net/resource/2613017/q
Importance of pH ELEMENTS AND COMPOUNDS
ACIDS AND BASES

uiz-1-pure-substances-mixtures
CLASSIFICATION OF MATTER
https://
wordwall.net/resource/2959888/types-mixture

Importance of pH TYPES OF MIXTURES