PowerPoint® Lecture Slides

prepared by
Janice Meeking,
Mount Royal College

CHAPTER 12
The Central
Nervous
System:
Part A
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Central Nervous System (CNS)

• CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord

• Adult brain regions
1. Cerebral hemispheres
2. Diencephalon
3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla)
4. Cerebellum

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Cerebral
hemisphere

Diencephalon
Cerebellum
Brain stem
• Midbrain
• Pons
• Medulla
(d) Birth oblongata

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.3d

 Regions and Organization of the CNS
• Spinal cord
• Central cavity surrounded by a gray matter core
• External white matter composed of myelinated
fiber tracts
• Brain
• Similar pattern with additional areas of gray matter
• Nuclei in cerebellum and cerebrum
• Cortex of cerebellum and cerebrum

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Central cavity Cortex of
gray matter
Migratory
Inner gray
pattern of
matter
neurons
Cerebrum Outer white
Cerebellum matter
Gray matter
Region of cerebellum
Central cavity
Inner gray matter
Outer white matter

Gray matter
Brain stem

Central cavity
Outer white matter
Inner gray matter
Spinal cord
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.4
 Ventricles of the Brain
• Connected to one another and to the central
canal of the spinal cord
• Lined by ependymal cells
• Contain cerebrospinal fluid
• Two C-shaped lateral ventricles in the cerebral
hemispheres
• Third ventricle in the diencephalon
• Fourth ventricle in the hindbrain, dorsal to the
pons, develops from the lumen of the neural tube
(Figure 12.11)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Lateral ventricle
Septum pellucidum
Anterior horn Posterior
horn
Inferior
horn

Interventricular
Lateral
foramen
aperture Third ventricle Median
Inferior horn aperture
Cerebral aqueduct Lateral
Fourth ventricle aperture
Central canal
(a) Anterior view (b) Left lateral view

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.5

 Cerebral Hemispheres

• Surface markings
• Ridges (gyri), shallow grooves (sulci), and deep
grooves (fissures)
• Five lobes
• Frontal
• Parietal
• Temporal
• Occipital
• Insula

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Cerebral Hemispheres

• Surface markings
• Central sulcus
• Separates the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
and the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
• Longitudinal fissure
• Separates the two hemispheres
• Transverse cerebral fissure
• Separates the cerebrum and the cerebellum

PLAY Animation: Rotatable brain

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Precentral Central
gyrus sulcus Postcentral
Frontal gyrus Parietal lobe
lobe
Parieto-occipital sulcus
(on medial surface
of hemisphere)
Lateral sulcus
Occipital lobe
Temporal lobe
Transverse cerebral fissure
Cerebellum
Pons
Fissure Medulla oblongata
(a deep Spinal cord
sulcus)
Gyrus
Cortex (gray matter)
Sulcus
White matter

(a)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.6a

 Central
Frontal lobe sulcus

Gyri of insula
Temporal lobe
(pulled down)

(b)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.6b
 Anterior

Longitudinal Frontal lobe

fissure

Cerebral veins
and arteries Parietal
covered by lobe
arachnoid
mater
Left cerebral Right cerebral
hemisphere hemisphere
Occipital
lobe
(c) Posterior
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.6c
 Left cerebral
hemisphere

Transverse
Brain stem cerebral
fissure
Cerebellum
(d)
Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.6d
 Cerebral Cortex

• Thin (2–4 mm) superficial layer of gray matter

• 40% of the mass of the brain
• Site of conscious mind: awareness, sensory
perception, voluntary motor initiation,
communication, memory storage, understanding
• Each hemisphere connects to contralateral side of
the body
• There is lateralization of cortical function in the
hemispheres

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

• The three types of functional areas are:

• Motor areas—control voluntary movement
• Sensory areas—conscious awareness of
sensation
• Association areas—integrate diverse
information
• Conscious behavior involves the entire cortex

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Motor Areas

• Primary (somatic) motor cortex

• Premotor cortex
• Broca’s area
• Frontal eye field

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related
Primary motor cortex association areas
Premotor cortex Primary somatosensory
cortex Somatic
Frontal eye field Somatosensory sensation
association cortex
Broca’s area
(outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex
Taste
(in insula)
Prefrontal cortex
Working memory Wernicke’s area
for spatial tasks (outlined by dashes)
Executive area for
task management
Working memory for Primary visual
object-recall tasks cortex
Visual Vision
Solving complex,
multitask problems association
area
Auditory
association area Hearing
Primary
auditory cortex
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere

Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex

Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8a

 Primary Motor Cortex
• Large pyramidal cells of the precentral gyri
• Long axons  pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts
• Allows conscious control of precise,
skilled, voluntary movements
• Motor homunculi: upside-down caricatures
representing the motor innervation of body
regions

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Posterior

Motor
Motor map in Anterior
precentral gyrus

Toes

Jaw

Tongue Primary motor

cortex
Swallowing (precentral gyrus)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.9

 Premotor Cortex

• Anterior to the precentral gyrus

• Controls learned, repetitious, or patterned
motor skills
• Coordinates simultaneous or sequential
actions
• Involved in the planning of movements that
depend on sensory feedback

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Broca’s Area
• Anterior to the inferior region of the premotor
area
• Present in one hemisphere (usually the left)
• A motor speech area that directs muscles
of the tongue
• Is active as one prepares to
speak

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Frontal Eye Field

• Anterior to the premotor cortex and superior to

Broca’s area
• Controls voluntary eye movements

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Sensory Areas

• Primary somatosensory • Olfactory cortex

cortex
• Gustatory cortex
• Somatosensory
• Visceral sensory area
association cortex
• Vestibular cortex
• Visual areas
• Auditory areas

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related
Primary motor cortex association areas
Premotor cortex Primary somatosensory
cortex Somatic
Frontal eye field Somatosensory sensation
association cortex
Broca’s area
(outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex
Taste
(in insula)
Prefrontal cortex
Working memory Wernicke’s area
for spatial tasks (outlined by dashes)
Executive area for
task management
Working memory for Primary visual
object-recall tasks cortex
Visual Vision
Solving complex,
multitask problems association
area
Auditory
association area Hearing
Primary
auditory cortex
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere

Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex

Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8a

 Primary Somatosensory Cortex

• In the postcentral gyri

• Receives sensory information from the
skin, skeletal muscles, and joints
• Capable of spatial discrimination: identification
of body region being stimulated

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Posterior

Sensory
Anterior Sensory map in
postcentral gyrus

Genitals

Primary somato-
sensory cortex Intra-
(postcentral gyrus) abdominal

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.9

 Somatosensory Association Cortex

• Posterior to the primary somatosensory cortex

• Integrates sensory input from primary
somatosensory cortex
• Determines size, texture, and relationship of
parts of objects being felt

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Visual Areas

• Primary visual (striate) cortex

• Extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe
• Most of it is buried in the calcarine sulcus
• Receives visual information from the retinas

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Visual Areas
• Visual association area
• Surrounds the primary visual cortex
• Uses past visual experiences to interpret
visual stimuli (e.g., color, form, and movement)
• Complex processing involves entire posterior
half of the hemispheres

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Auditory Areas
• Primary auditory cortex
• Superior margin of the temporal lobes
• Interprets information from inner ear as
pitch, loudness, and location
• Auditory association area
• Located posterior to the primary auditory
cortex
• Stores memories of sounds and permits
perception of sounds

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 OIfactory Cortex
• Medial aspect of temporal lobes (in piriform
lobes)
• Part of the primitive rhinencephalon, along
with the olfactory bulbs and tracts
• (Remainder of the rhinencephalon in humans
is part of the limbic system)
• Region of conscious awareness of odors
• Page 436

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Gustatory Cortex

• In the insula
• Involved in the perception of taste

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Visceral Sensory Area

• Posterior to gustatory cortex

• Conscious perception of visceral sensations,
e.g., upset stomach or full bladder

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Vestibular Cortex

• Posterior part of the insula and adjacent

parietal cortex
• Responsible for conscious awareness of
balance (position of the head in space)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Motor areas Central sulcus Sensory areas and related
Primary motor cortex association areas
Premotor cortex Primary somatosensory
cortex Somatic
Frontal eye field Somatosensory sensation
association cortex
Broca’s area
(outlined by dashes) Gustatory cortex
Taste
(in insula)
Prefrontal cortex
Working memory Wernicke’s area
for spatial tasks (outlined by dashes)
Executive area for
task management
Working memory for Primary visual
object-recall tasks cortex
Visual Vision
Solving complex,
multitask problems association
area
Auditory
association area Hearing
Primary
auditory cortex
(a) Lateral view, left cerebral hemisphere

Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex

Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8a

 Cingulate Primary
Premotor cortex gyrus motor cortex Central sulcus
Corpus Primary somatosensory
callosum cortex
Frontal eye field Parietal lobe
Prefrontal Somatosensory
association cortex
cortex
Parieto-occipital
sulcus

Occipital
Processes emotions
related to personal lobe
and social interactions Visual
Orbitofrontal association
cortex Olfactory bulb area
Olfactory tract Primary
Fornix visual cortex
Temporal lobe Uncus Calcarine sulcus
Primary Parahippocampal
olfactory cortex gyrus
(b) Parasagittal view, right hemisphere

Primary motor cortex Motor association cortex Primary sensory cortex

Sensory association cortex Multimodal association cortex

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc. Figure 12.8b

 Multimodal Association Areas

• Receive inputs from multiple sensory areas

• Send outputs to multiple areas, including the
premotor cortex
• Allow us to give meaning to information
received, store it as memory, compare it to
previous experience, and decide on action to
take

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Multimodal Association Areas

• Three parts
• Anterior association area (prefrontal cortex)
• Posterior association area
• Limbic association area

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Anterior Association Area (Prefrontal
Cortex)
• Most complicated cortical region
• Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and
personality
• Contains working memory needed for
judgment, reasoning, persistence, and
conscience
• Development depends on feedback from
social environment

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Posterior Association Area

• Large region in temporal, parietal, and

occipital lobes
• Plays a role in recognizing patterns and faces
and localizing us in space
• Involved in understanding written and spoken
language (Wernicke’s area)

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.

 Limbic Association Area

• Part of the limbic system

• Provides emotional impact that helps
establish memories

Copyright © 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.