PHIILIPPINE DEMOCRATIC

POLITICS
PRE-COLONIAL TO PRESENT
“Leadership is not about titles,
positions, or flowcharts. It is about
one life influencing another”
- John C. Maxwell
PRE-COLONIAL
 Misconceptions:
PRE-COLONIAL/PRE-SPANISH ERA

 NO POLITICS
 POLITICAL ISSUES AND
CONCERNS ARE CAUSED BY
COLONIZATION
 Types of Unhispanized societies
(Scott, 1979)
 Classless societies – small, no elections,
leader comes whenever an activity arises
 Warrior societies – warrior-leaders,
presence of hostilities trigger the emergence
 Types of Unhispanized societies
(Scott, 1979)
 Petty plutocracies – clear divisions, ruler comes
from privileged class or after proving one’s self
 Principalities - clear class of leaders through the
datus or sultans; political organizations brought by
Islam; strongest political entity during the pre-
colonial era
 BARANGAY SYSTEM
 The Barangay is the smallest political unit in
the pre-Spanish era. It came from the word
“Balangay” which was a boat used by our
ancestors to sail to the Philippines.
 The society has its own set of culture and
civilization
 BARANGAY SYSTEM
 The Datu is the most powerful person with
executive, legislative and judicial powers
 Usually, a person can become a Datu through the
following:
Inheritance
Wealth
Bravery
 BARANGAY SYSTEM
 Laws are usually based on “lex taliones” –
“an eye for a n eye, a tooth for a tooth”.
 Laws are made known to the public though
the Umalohokan
 The elderly people are considered as the
advisers of the Datu
 BARANGAY SYSTEM

 Barter system is the usual act of trade

 Agriculture is the main source of livelihood
 The people in the barangay usually give
tribute to the Datu in the form of crops or
agricultural products
 The Onset of Spanish Conquest
 During the 13th to 15th century, Venice was the center for
trade. Products especially spices from Asia are bought at
a very cheap price but sold in Europe at a luxurious price.
Trade between the West and the East was possible
through the Silk Road. When the Turks occupied the
Constantinople (now Turkey), trade became impossible.
This compelled expeditions in search of new routes for
trade.
 The Onset of Spanish Conquest
 Portugal and Spain were the two super power countries during
this period. They set expeditions for discovery of new routes and
new lands.
 Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese, proposed to the King of
Portugal that he could go to the East and find the Moluccas
(Spice Islands)by traveling to the West. It was rejected as the
belief before was the Earth is flat so you cannot arrive at the East
if you sailed Westward. He then proposed it to the King of Spain
which was accepted and so he sailed towards the East by
travelling to the West.
 The Onset of Spanish Conquest
 He then arrived at the Islands of the Philippines on March 16, 1521 where
he first met the natives. He realized that it was not the Moluccas but he still
declared the sovereignty of Spain. First Catholic mass and Conversion of
the natives were conducted. However, on April 1521, he died in a combat
against Lapu-Lapu who refused to be under the control of a foreign rule.
 Sebastian del Cano led the expedition back to Spain but he did not sail back
to the route Magellan took before going to the Philippines. Fortunately, they
were able to go back to Spain and proved that the Earth is not flat because
they did circumnavigate the world. Magellan-del Cano made record as the
very first circumnavigation of the world.
 The Beginning of Spanish Conquest
 Spain sent other expeditions to conquer the Philippines
but it was Legazpi who successfully conquered the
islands.
 Divide et impera was the strategy used to easily conquer
the Filipinos. Policy of Attraction also made help.
Archipelagic nature of the country also contributed to the
fall of the Filipinos to Spain.
 Reduccion was established to easily monitor the people
and avoid possible uprisings.
 The Government during the Spanish Era
 The Spanish King ruled the Islands through the Viceroy of Mexico (a colony of
Spain) until 1821.
King of Spain

Viceroy of Mexico

Philippines

In the Philippines, a governor-general was installed as the King’s representative.

Frailocracy is also prevalent.
 Spanish Colonial Rule
 Changes took place in the country may it be social,
cultural, political, economic, spiritual.
 Abuses and oppressions of the Spaniards against the
Filipinos were rampant.
 Uprisings and revolts are prevalent in the country but
were never successful because of lack of unity and
national consciousness.
 Spanish Colonial Rule
 With the rise of the Ilustrados and the opening of Suez Canal
which made possible all the products and ideas mostly from the
West to arrive in the country, people became aware of their sense
of nationalism.
 Propagandists like Rizal, Jaena and Del Pilar sought for reforms
in order to help their countrymen in the Philippines
 Bonifacio organized the KKK which was almost successful if
not for its untimely discovery that led to the 1896 Revolution.
 Filipino-Spanish War (August 1896 – June 1898)

 Started upon the discovery of the Katipunan

 Continued until ceasefire from both sides during
the Pact of Biak-na-Bato in 1897
 Aguinaldo and his companions went into exile to
Hong Kong
 The Pact was violated by both sides
 Filipinos started to lose hope
 ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICANS
 American ideas of liberty and democracy started flourishing
the world.
 Cuba, a colony of Spain, started its revolution against Spain’s
sovereignty and America was helping Cuba in order to protect
its interests in the said territory.
 When the USS Maine ship in Cuba exploded killing
Americans, America declared war against Spain and hence,
American-Spanish War.
 ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICANS
 Aguinaldo was invited in Singapore by Pratt to tell him
that America would help him to have Philippine
independence from Spain’s control
 Aguinaldo was doubtful but Pratt assured him that
America won’t colonize the country because of his
ideals on liberty and democracy and that the Philippines
is so far from US to maintain as a colony.
 ARRIVAL OF THE AMERICANS
 On April 1898, America battled against the Spaniards in
Manila Bay – the most destructive being on the part of the
Spaniards as the Americans has superior technology
 On May 1898, Aguinaldo and his troops came back to the
Philippines on board an American ship. News spread
throughout the country and in June 12, 1898, Aguinaldo
declared the independence of the country hoisting the
Philippine flag at Kawit, Cavite.
 American Plot
 The final battle between the Spaniards and the
Filipinos was set on August 1898 but America took
the spotlight and did not allow the Filipinos to go in
the battlefields.
 The Mock Battle of Manila took place – the shortest
battle in our history.
 Aguinaldo learned later on the betrayal of Americans
 Revolutionary Government of Aguinaldo
 Revolutionary Congress convened at Barasoain
Church, Malolos, Bulacan, on September 15,
1898
 The Calderon proposal was reported to the
Congress on October 8, 1898, and the Congress
approved the proposed Constitution on
November 29, 1898.
 TREATY OF PARIS
 However, Spain ceded the Philippines and
other Spanish colonies to America under the
Treaty of Paris on December 10, 1898.
 This is the end of Spanish rule in the
Philippines and the official start of American
rule in the country.
 Malolos Constitution
 President Emilio Aguinaldo approved the Malolos
Constitution on December 23, 1898; Congress
ratified it on January 20, 1899.
 Aguinaldo promulgated the Constitution the
following day, along with the establishment of the
Philippine Republic on January 21, 1899.
 Malolos Constitution
 This was the first republican constitution in Asia,
framed by a revolutionary convention which included
40 lawyers, 16 physicians, 5 pharmacists, 2 engineers
and 1 priest.
 The Constitution recognized that sovereign power was
vested in the people, provided for a parliamentary
government, acknowledged separation of powers, and
contained a bill of rights.
FILIPINO – AMERICAN WAR
 GOVERNMENTS DURING THE AMERICAN REGIME

 MILITARY GOVERNMENT
 CIVIL GOVERNMENT
(Philippine Commissions)
 COMMONWEALTH
GOVERNMENT
 The Jones Law [Philippine Autonomy Act]
August 29, 1916
 It was the principal organic act of the Philippines until November 15,1935, when
the Philippine Commonwealth was inaugurated (under the 1935 Constitution).
 It contained a preamble, a bill of rights, provisions defining the organization and
powers of the departments of government, provisions defining the electorate, and
miscellaneous provisions on finance, franchises and salaries of important officials.
 Executive power was vested in the Governor General, legislative power in a
bicameral legislature composed of the Senate and House of Representatives, and
judicial power in the Supreme Court, the Courts of First Instance and inferior
courts.
 Tydings-McDuffie Act [Philippine
Independence Act]
 The Tydings-McDuffie Act [Philippine Independence Act] of
March 24, 1934 authorized the drafting of a Constitution for
the Philippines, the establishment of a Commonwealth
Government and, after ten years, independence.
 The Philippine Commonwealth established under the
Constitution was inaugurated on November 15, 1935; full
independence was attained with the inauguration of the
(Third) Philippine Republic on July 4, 1946.
 COMMONWEALTH PRESIDENTS

 Manuel L. Quezon
 Sergio Osmena
 Manuel Roxas
 Japanese Belligerent Occupation
 With the occupation of Manila, the Commander in Chief of the Japanese Forces proclaimed, on
January 2, 1942, the military administration over the territory occupied by the army, and ordered
that “all the laws now in force in the Commonwealth, as well as executive and judicial institutions
shall continue to be effective for the time being as in the past”, and “all public officials shall
remain in their present posts and carry on faithfully their duties as before”.
 Order No. 1 of the Japanese Commander in Chief, on January 23, 1942, organized the Philippine
Executive Commission.
 Executive Orders Nos. 1 and 4, dated January 30 and February 6, 1942, respectively, continued
the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeals, the Courts of First Instance and Justices of the Peace
Courts, with the same jurisdiction, in conformity with later instructions given by the Commander
in Chief of the Japanese Imperial Army in Order No. 3, dated February 20, 1942.
 October 14, 1943, the (Second) Philippine Republic was inaugurated, with Jose P. Laurel as
President.
 LEGACY/CONTRIBUTIONS

Spaniards
Americans
Japanese
EL PRESIDENTE
ESTAB;ISHED 1ST PH REPUBLIC
DECLARED INDEPENDENCE
INTRODUCED PH FLAG
AMA NG WIKANG PAMBANSA
WOMEN’S SUFFRAGE
ESTABLISHED NATIONAL ECONOMIC COUNCIL
Magtanim Upang Mabuhay Policy
Most controversial
Founded the Nacionalista Party
Rehabilitated PNB
STARTED REHABILITATION
BECAME A MEMBER OF IMF
Ph Rehabilitation Act
Created Integrity Board
Created jobs by establishing factories
Establish hydroelectric powerplants in Maria Cristina Falls and Bulacan
Investigated corruption in the past administration
Established National Resettlement and Rehabilitation
Administration
Initiated Southeast Asia Treaty Organization

Established Presidential Complaints and Action Committee

Golden years
2nd clean and well-governed country
 Austerity program
 Filipino first policy
Land reform law
Suffrage for farmers
Minimum wage law
 Philippine Heart Center, National Kidney Institute, CCP, Manila Film Center,
Ph Children's Medical Center
Rehabilitated roads, bridges, and schools
Reformed justice system and armed forces of the Ph
1st woman president in asia
FamiLy code
Reorganized executive branch and SC
CARL
POWER CRISIS
PEACE AGREEMENT WITH MNLF
NEXT ECONOMIC TIGER OF ASIA
NATIONAL ANTI-POVERTY COMMISSION
ENTERPRSIE DEVT FOR THE POOR
SEIZED MILF CAMPS
FIRST TO BE IMPEACHED
EDSA PEOPLE POWER II
HOLIDAY ECONOMICS
EVAT
HIGHER GDP
 2016

NO WANGWANG
K12
RH LAW
EQUIPMENT UPGRADE PAGASA
TRUTH COMMISSION
PRESIDENT RODRIGO ROA DUTERTE

 Septuagenarian President
 2016 – present
 War on drugs
 Build, build, build
 TRAIN Law