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Introductory Mathematics & Statistics
Introductory Mathematics & Statistics
& Statistics
Chapter 1
Basic Mathematics
– Integers
Another name for whole numbers
A positive integer is a number greater than zero
A negative integer is a number less than zero
– Digits
Numerals consist of one or more digits
Example: a three-digit number (e.g. 841) lies between 100
and 999
• Multiplication: represented by
• Division: represented by either or /
• Addition: represented by
• Subtraction: represented by
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e 1-4
Rules for mathematical operations
Order of operations:
6
– Dividing the same signs gives a positive result 2
3
3 1
– Dividing different signs gives a negative result 6
2
• Subtraction
Two signs next to each other
– minus and a minus is a plus –(– 3) = 3
– minus and a plus is a minus –(+3) = –3
6 23 156
• E.g. , ,
9 52 238
– Improper fraction—numerator
fraction greater than denominator
3 56 856
, ,
2 32 249
• Any zeros on the right-hand end after the decimal point and
after the last digit do not change the number’s value.
– E.g. 0.5, 0.50, 0.500 and 0.5000 all represent the same number.
2.3
Step 1: align 0.34
1.672
Step 2: add 4.312
Division
• Step 1: Count the number of digits that are in the divisor to the right of
the decimal point. Call this number x
• Step 2: Move the decimal point in the dividend x places to the right
(adding zeros as necessary). Do the same to the divisor
• Step 3: Divide the transformed dividend (Step 2) by the
transformed divisor (which now has no decimal point)
• The quotient of this division is the answer
– E.g. 23 2 2 2 8
• Exponential form—an
– where a is the base
– where n is the exponent or power
an a m a n m
am an amn
a n m
a nm
• Negative exponents
– A number expressed with a negative exponent is equal to the
reciprocal of the same number with the negative sign removed.
n 1
a n
a
Copyright 2010 McGraw-Hill Australia Pty Ltd
PowerPoint slides to accompany Croucher, Introductory Mathematics and Statistics, 5e 1-19
Rules for exponents (cont…)
• Fractional exponents
– Exponents can be expressed as a fraction
1
n is of the form k (where k is an integer)
1
one such that when it is multiplied by itself k times, you get that number
a a
1 m 1
m
a k a
k a n n m n
• Zero exponent
– Any base raised to the power of 0 equals 1
a0 1
– Except for 00 , which is undefined
6.3254793 10 6
• When c is negative
– If the decimal point is to the left of the reference position, the
value of c is negative
e.g. 0.0005849 in scientific notation =
5.849 104
log A n n log B
• You are far better prepared if you are also aware of the
processes that the calculator is undertaking when
performing calculations.