High Voltage Lecture 1

Lecture 3 High Voltage
Dr. Zakieldeen M. E. Elhassan

Emails: zakideenzain@yahoo.com
07/13/20 zakideenzain0@gmail.com
Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 1
 Two reports
 Two tests (during semester)
 Assignments
 Final exam
 Other activities
07/13/20
High Voltage Review
07/13/20
Useful Books
This one we will follow in the class

Books
This one we will

follow in the class
Books This lineman is
safely supported by
polypropylene
chains for
placement on live
400kV conductor
This one is written by a lawyer

who invented a noble technique
of dropping a human being on a
live high tension line.
Books
Books
Books
Another book for

advanced learners.
What does it mean HV?
efits
al b en
ic
Techn
More efficiency
Voltage profile
07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 10
What is high voltage
 A mobile phone is operated from a 4V battery.
It may be destroyed if anyone attempts to
operate it from a 12V car battery.
Therefore 12V is quite a high voltage for a
mobile phone.

What is high voltage
 Below 11kV : Low voltage
 11kV – 100kV : HV (high Voltage)
 100kV – 400kV : VHV (Very high voltage)
 400kV and above : EHV ( Extra high voltage)
 UHV : Ultra high voltage

Loss
NewinLoss in
Why high voltage
transmission
transmission
line = Iline
2R,
R is the resistance
Basically it is
Generation required forof(2I)
transmission
2R=4I2R lines to be
the line. Customers
able to transmit
side more power over the same line. side
I2I
Therefore we conclude that itEquation

is not for
wiseI to Iincrease the line current tois
power
transmit more power over a line,
P= V I Cos 
keeping the voltage same.
Loss in
Why high voltage
transmission
line = I2R,
R is the resistance Customers
Basically it is
Generation required for transmission
of the line.
lines to be
side
able toside
transmit more power over the same line.
I 2V
Therefore we see that if the Equation
transmission
for
Transformer
line voltage is increased it is power
capableis of
transmitting
V more power without
P= V I Cos 
increasing the power loss in the line.
I I
Generator
Fields of applications of HV
 Power system engineering

 Research laboratories
 Industries Interested
 Nuclear research, particle accelerators
students may find
 Electrostatic precipitators

new areas
Automobile ignition coils
of
 Medicalapplication
applications likeofX-ray
HV machine
Few future prospects of HV
 For cosmopolitan cities overhead distribution lines are

not allowed anyInterested
more. HV underground cables of
compact size is the solution.
students may add
 Compact all-in-one fix-and-forget type GIS
new
substations namesin to
are required nearthis
future.
 HV has some residentiallist.and industrial applications
like water treatment plant, insect killer/repeller,
exhaust air purifier etc.
ac High Voltage Suppose it is said that the
?
voltage is 100kV.
Then this peak value is
=100 X 103 X 2 volt
Voltage
 140kV
In
kV
In high voltage engineering, we
should always be careful about
the peak value of the ac
100kV
power frequency
voltage, because this isacthe
voltage
maximum voltage in the system
and may be responsible for
initiating breakdown or failure.
Time
In
ms
?
10 ms
Generation And Measurements
1. Introduction
why high voltage test ?
2. High Voltage Generation

a) Generation of direct high voltages
b) Generation of alternating high voltages
c) Generation of impulse voltages
3. High Voltage Measurements
a) Measurement of direct voltages
b) Measurement of alternating voltages
c) Measurement of impulse voltages
4.MEASUREMENT OF IMPULS CURRENTS

a) Rogowski coil method
b) Current shunt method

Definition : high voltage = voltage > 1 kV
Aims of HV test
i) Test HV equipment used in power systems
Non-destructive test (NTD) consist of
 Type tests  Routine tests
 Monitoring tests
Used to measure
 Loss angle  Partial discharge level
 With stand level
ii) Study of overvoltage effects on equipment
External overvoltages (lighting)
07/13/20
System overvoltages (switching, temporary) 20
Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan
High Voltage Tests Related Standards And
Organization
IEC : International Electrotechnical Committee
BSI : British Standard Institution
i) IEC 60 (Part I and Part II) = BS 923 : high voltage testing
techniques
ii) IEC 71 (Part I and Part II) = BS 5622 : insulation Co-ordination
iii) IEC 52 = BS 358 : Method for the measurement of voltage with
sphere gaps.
iv) Other bodies
ISH : International Symposium on High Voltages Engineering

2. High Voltage Generation
a) Generation Of High Direct Voltage
Existing methods
• Rectifier circuits
• Multiplier rectifier circuits
• Cascaded transformer/rectifier circuits
• Special circuits; Engetron, Deltatron
• Electrostatic generators

D
V ~ (t) iL (t)
b c
i (t) C R L (lo a d )
V
h .t
tra n sfo rm e r
a
(a )

D
V ~ (t) iL (t)
b c
i (t) C R L (lo a d )
V
h .t
tra n sfo rm e r
a
(a )

I) Rectifier Circuits : Background definition
i) Ripple V :
which gives
To reduce ripple
1. Increase size of smoothing capacitor
2. Increase frequency
3. Increase number of phases (if possible)
ii) Amlitude V

iii) Ripple Factor ‫تموج‬55‫امل لا‬5‫مع‬
iv) Ripple Factor

Ripple factor  3 %
Regulation
Change / variation of voltage

1 minute tests   1%
More than 1 minute tests    1%

Voltage doubler circuit
Greinacher doubler circuit = (Villard doubler + rectifier/smoothing) circuit
Loaded multipliers
If unloaded the diodes do not conduct and the ripple is

Because of charge transfer, the capacitors C i are charged to a voltage
equal (Vci - Vi)
The total voltage drop is then,
Output voltage could be obtained as below
The optimum number stage (n) as:

‫مثال مولد كوكورفت – ولتون له عشرة مراحل (‪ 10‬مراحل) وسعة المكثف في جميع‬
‫المراحل ‪ µF 0.1‬وجهد الدخل ‪ 100kV‬عند تردد ‪، Hz 60‬إذا كان تيار الحمولة المسحوب‬
‫‪ 5mA‬أوجد األتي ‪:‬‬
‫•تشوهات الجهد ‪.δV‬‬
‫•الهبوط في الجهد ‪.ΔV‬‬
‫•جهد الخرج ‪Vo‬‬
‫•تنظيم الجهد‪.‬‬
‫‪07/13/20‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬

4-stage cascade rectifier
1
Voltages at nodes ‘1’ are oscillating 2
Voltages at nodes ‘1’ are constant 9dc)
1
HV out is 2* 4* Vmax
2 V
1
2 V 8 V
1
2 V

2nV m ax
(n o lo a d )
 Vo
V
2V o m ax
V o (t) w ith lo a d
+ V m ax
0
t1 t2 t
V (t)
T = 1 /f
Loaded cascade circuit, definitions of voltage drop  Vo and ripple V
07/13/20 32
GENERATION OF ALTERNATING VOLTAGE
i) Test transformer ii) Cascaded transformer iii) Resonant circuit

I. Test Transformer
Simple design ; usually, one side is earthed

IEC Standard Specifications
 f = 45 – 65 Hz
 Shape :
 V (1 minute test)  1%
 Transformer ratings
* dry tests: current rating of  100mA
* wet tests: current rating of  500mA
* pollution tests: current rating  15 A
Cascaded transformers
T ra n sf. III
- Power is shared by the three units
3 I = P /V
- Voltage stress is reduced (shared along the cascade)
T ra n sf. II 1
3
P P
2
T ra n sf. I 1
3 3 V
P
2P 2P
2V
2
1
P
V
3P 2
Basic circuit of cascaded transformers. (1) Primary widings. (2) Seconddary

h.t. widings. (3) Tertiary exciting windings.
Series Resonant Circuits
For testing large capacitive loads (cable and GIS) and inductive loads
(HV reactors) R L
V ~
1 V 2
For an RLC series circuit the resonant frequency is
The output voltage acros the test object is
At resonance, Zc = Zl
In practice Zc >> R
Which gives V2 >> V1 (20 toDr.50
07/13/20
times)
Zakieldeen Elhassan 35
Advantages
• Better waveshape (fundamental times 50)

• Better
kvar output
•Voltage collapse after flashover (no damage to
equipment)
• Easily cascaded, lighter than transformers.

Resonant Circuits
a) Previous designs (no reactors)
V if ~ C

b) Modern designs
V if ~ C

GENERATION OF IMPULSE VOLTAGE
An impulse voltage is a unidirectional voltage which, without

appreciable oscillations, rises rapidly to a maximum value and falls
more or less rapidly to zero.
Why impulse voltage?

I. Standard Definition of Lightning Surges
T1 front time 1.2 s
T2 time to half-value 50 s
Surge defined T1/T2 = 1.2 /50 s
Tolerances : (IEC60, BS923)
peak value  3%
front time  30%
07/13/20 39
time to half-value  20% Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan
II. Standard Definition of Switching Surges
Tp time to peak (also known as T1) 250 s
T2 time to half-value 2500 s
TD time above 90% is sometimes specified
Surge defined as T1 /T2 = 250/2500 s
Tolerances : (IEC60, BS923)

peak value  3%
front time  20%
Time to half-value 60%

Analysis of impulse generators
Spherical spark gap

G R 1
C 1
R 2
C 2
V out
(t)
V o

Transformation
Please present analysis of this circuit using Laplace
With >>
Parameters of Vout(t)
-Time to peak
- Time to half peak value

There are many types of Impulse cct.
Zequ

Cont.
Roots =
07/13/20 44
Cont.
07/13/20 45
Analysis of impulse generator circuit of
series R – L -C circuit type
Referring to Figure 14, the current through the load resistance
R is given by
With initial condition:

at t = 0 , i(0) = 0 , and the net charge in the circuit , i = dq/dt .
:and as a Laplace transform equation
The voltage across the

resistor R (which is the
:output voltage) is
v(s)= I(s) * R
Hence,
For an over damped condition, R/2L ≥ 1/√LC

, hence the roots of the equation are:
The solution of the equation for Vo(t) is:

)13(
Where,
Analysis of the Other Impulse Generator Circuits
The most commonly used configurations for impulse generators are the circuits shown in
figure 14 (b, and c). The advantages of these circuits are that the wave front and wave tail
times are independently controlled by changing either R1 or R2 separately. Secondly, the
test objects which are mainly capacitive in nature from part of C2 .

For the configuration shown in Figure (b), the output
voltage across C2 is given by:
Performing Laplace transformation,
Where, i2 is the current through C2 .

Taking the current through C1 as i1 and its transformed value
as I1(s) .
Where, represents the impedance of the parallel

combination of R2 and C2 .
Substitution for I1(s) gives:
After simplification and rearrangement,

Hence, the roots of equation,
are found for the relation,

Taking the inverse transform of
gives,
Where, V is the D.C. charging

voltage.
Following a similar analysis , it may be shown that the output waveform
for the circuit configuration of Figure (c) will be:
and the equivalent circuit shown in Figure (d) is a combination of the

configurations of Figure (b) and Figure (c).
The simplified circuit in Figure below is used for wave front time
calculation.
Simplified circuit for calculation of wave front time.

Taking the circuit inductance to be negligible during charging, C1 charges the
load capacitance C2 through R1. Then the time taken for charging is
approximately three times the time constant of the circuit and is given by:
Where,
For discharging of tail time, the capacitance C1 and C2 may be

considered to be in parallel and discharging occurs through R1 and R2.
Hence, the time for 50% discharging is approximately given by:
Example 3
An impulse generator has eight stages with each condenser rated for 0.16 μF
and 125 kV. The load capacitor available is 1000 pF. Find:
i. The series resistance and the damping resistance needed to produce
1.2/50μsec impulse wave.
ii.What is the maximum output voltage of the generator, if the charging
voltage is 120 kV ?
Solution
Assume the equivalent circuit of the impulse generator to be as shown in
figure (b).
Multistage Impulse Generator
Circuit
For higher impulse voltage single cct. is not useful because :
 The physical size becomes very large.
 High d.c. charging voltage is required.
 Suppression of corona discharges from the
structure and leads during the charging period is
difficult.
 Switching of vary high voltages with spark gaps is
difficult.

Cont.
 In 1924 Erwin Otto Marx suggested a multiplier
circuit which is commonly used to obtain
impulse voltages with as high a peak value as
possible for a given d.c. charging voltage.

MARX CIRCUIT
 Charging resistance Rs is liming the charging current from 50
to 100 mA. CRs is about 10s to 1 min.
 The gap spacing G is grater than the charging voltage V. All
the capacitances are charged to the voltage V in 1 min.
 The spark gap G is made spark over, then all the capacitor C
get connected in series and discharge into the load.
 The nominal output is the number of stages multiplied by the
charging voltage.
 A single capacitor C1 is to be charged first and then
discharged into wave shaping circuits and it is limited to 200
kV
 For producing very high voltages a bank of capacitors are
charged in parallel and then discharged in series.
Multistage Impulse Generator Marx Circuit

Multi Stage Impulse Generators
Modified Marx Circuit
In modified Marx circuit, R1is
divided into n parts equal to
R1/n and put in series with the
gap G, R2 is divided into n
parts equal to R2/n and
connected across each
capacitor unit after the gap G.

Components Of A Multistage Impulse Generator
 DC Charging set
 Charging resistors
 Generator capacitors and spark gaps
 Wave shaping resistors and capacitors
 Triggering system (read by your self)
 Voltage dividers

Generation Of Switching Surges
 A switching surge is a short duration transient voltage produced
in the system due to a sudden opening or closing of a switch or
C.B or due to an arcing at a fault in the system.
 Impulse generator circuit is modified to give longer duration
wave shape, 100/1000μs, R1 is increased to very high value and
it is parallel to R2 in the discharge circuit.
 Power transformer excited by DC voltages giving oscillatory
waves which produces unidirectional damped oscillations.
Frequency of 1 to 10 kHz
 Switching surges of very high peaks and long duration can be
obtained by one circuit, In this circuit C1 charged to a low
voltage d.c (20 to 25 kV) is discharged into the low voltage
winding of a power transformer and the high voltage winding is
connected in paralleling to a load capacitance C2, potential
divider R2,gap S and test object.
Generation Of Impulse Currents
 For producing impulse currents of large value, a bank of

capacitors connected in parallel are charged to a specified
value and are discharged through a series R-L circuit.
 Im=V(exp(-αt))sin(ωt)/ωL

Generation Of High Impulse Currents
 For producing large values of impulse, a no. of capacitors are
charged in parallel and discharged in parallel into the circuit.
 The essential parts of an impulse current generator are:
 (i) a.d.c. charging unit
 (ii) capacitors of high value (0.5 to 5 μF)
 (iii) an additional air cored inductor
 (iv) proper shunts and oscillograph for measurement purposes, and
 (v) a triggering unit and spark gap for the initiation of the current
generator.

Tripping And Control Of Impulse Generators
 In large impulse generators, the spark gaps are

generally sphere gaps or gaps formed by
hemispherical electrodes.
 The gaps are arranged such that sparking of one
gap results in automatic sparking of other gaps as
overvoltage is impressed on the other.
 A simple method of controlled tripping consists of
making the first gap a three electrode gap and
firing it from a controlled source.

Tripping And Control Of Impulse Generators
 The first stage of the impulse generator is fitted with a three
electrode gap, and the central electrode is maintained at a
potential in between that of the top and the bottom
electrodes with the resistors R1 and RL.
 The tripping is initiated by applying a pulse to the thyration
G by closing the switch S.
 C produces an exponentially decaying pulse of positive
polarity.
 The Thyraton conducts on receiving the pulse from the
switch S and produces a negative pulse through the
capacitance C1 at central electrode.
 Voltage between central electrode and the top electrode
those above sparking potential and gap contacts.
Tripping Circuit Using A Trigatron
 This requires much smaller voltage for operation compared
to the three electrode gap.
 A trigatron gap consists of a high voltage spherical
electrode, an earthed main electrode of spherical shape, and
a trigger electrode through the main electrode.
 Tripping of the impulse generator is effected by a trip pulse
which produces a spark between the trigger electrode and
the earthed sphere.
 Due to space charge effects and distortion of the field in the
main gap, spark over of the main gap occurs and it is
polarity sensitive.

Lighting
 Causes of over voltage
 Lightning phenomenon
 Charge formation of Lightning
 Rate of Charging of thunder cloud
 Mechanism of lightning strokes
 Characteristics of Lightning strokes

Lighting
 Factors contributing to good line design

 Protection afforded by ground wires.
 Tower footing resistance
 Interaction between lightning and
power system
 Mathematical model of Lightning

Causes of Lightning
 Lightning phenomenon
- peak discharge in which charge
accumulated in the cloud into
neighbouring cloud or to the ground
 Electrode separation – cloud to cloud or

cloud to ground is about 10 km or more

Charge Formation Of Cloud
 Positive and negative charges become separated

by heavy air current with ice crystals in the upper
part and rain in the lower region.
 Charge separation depends on height of cloud
(200 – 10,000 m).
 Charge centers at a distance about 300 – 2 km

 Charge inside the cloud – 1 to 100 C
 Cloud potential – 107 to 108 V
 Gradient within a cloud – 100 V/cm
 Gradient at initial discharge point –
10kV/cm
 Energy at discharge – 250 kWhr


Mechanism Of Lightning Flash
 Pilot streamer and Stepped leader
 Ground streamer and return stroke
 Subsequent strokes

Pilot Streamer And Stepped Leader

Ground Streamer And Return Stroke

Characteristics Of Lightning Strokes
 Current-time characteristics
 Time to peak or Rate of rise
 Probability distribution of current and time
 Wave shapes of lightning voltage and
current

LIGHTNING CURRENT
 Short front time - 10µs

 Tail time – several ms.

Rate Of Rise
 50% lightning stroke current – greater
than 7.5kA/µs.
 10% lightning strokes current – exceeds
25 kA/µs.
 Stroke current above half value – more
than 30µs.

Surge Voltage
 Maximum surge voltage in transmission line

– 5MV
 Most of the surge voltage is less than 1000
kV on line.
 Front time – 2 to 10 µs
 Tail time – 20 to 100 µs
 Rate of rise of voltage – 1MV/ µs

Lightning Strokes
 Direct stroke
directly discharges on to transmission
line or line wires
 Induced stroke
cloud generates negative charge at its

base, the earth object develop induced
positive charge

Over Voltage Due To Switching
Surges
INTRODUCTION
 In switching, the over voltage thus generated
last for longer durations and therefore are
severe and more dangerous to the system
 The switching over voltages depends on the
normal voltage of the system and hence
increase with increased system voltage

Origin Of Switching Surges
 Making and breaking of electric circuits
with switchgear may results in abnormal
over voltages in power systems having
large inductances and capacitances.
 over voltages may go as high as 6 times
the normal power frequency voltage.

Origin Of Switching Surges
 In circuit breaking operation switching surges
with a high rate of rise of voltage may cause
repeated restriking of the arc between the
contacts of a circuit breaker, thereby causing
destruction of the circuit breaker contacts.
 Switching surges may include high natural

frequencies of the system, a damped normal
frequency voltage component, or restriking and
recovery voltage of the system with successive
reflected waves from terminations.

Characteristics Of Switching Surges
 De-energizing of transmission lines, cables, shunt
capacitor, banks, etc.
 Disconnection of unloaded transformers, reactors,
etc.
 Energization or reclosing of lines and reactive loads.
 Sudden switching off of loads.
 Short circuit and faults clearances.
 Resonance phenomenon like ferro-resonance, arcing
grounds, etc.

Control Of Overvoltages Due To
Switching
 Energization of transmission lines in one or
more steps by inserting resistances and
withdrawing them afterwards.
 Phase controlled closing of circuit breakers.
 Drainage of trapped charges before reclosing
 Use of shunt reactors.
 Limiting switching surges by suitable surge
diverters.

Protection Against Overvoltags
 Minimizing the lightning overvoltages

are done by suitable line designs,
 Providing guard and ground wires,
 Using surge diverters.

Protection Against Overvoltags
 Shielding the overhead lines by using

ground wires above the phase wires,
 Using ground rods and counter-poise
wires,
 Including protective devices like
explosion gaps, protector tubes on the
lines, and surge diverters at the line
terminations and sudstations
Lightning Impulse
Voltage
In
American
standard is
?
500kV
90% 1.5/40 µS
kV
500kV
50% LI
Is there any Standard LI
10%
Sudanese 1/50 µS
t0
t1 t2
standard ? t3 As per
TimeBSS & ISS
In
μs
Wave front
=1.25(t2-t1) Wave tail
=t3-t0
Switching Impulse
Voltage
In
?
500kV
90%
kV
500kV
50% LI
10% Standard si
t0 250/2500,
t3 Time
t1 t2 120/1000
In µS
μs
Wave front
Wave tail
=1.25(t2-t1)
=t3-t0

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Lecture 3 High Voltage

Dr. Zakieldeen M. E. Elhassan

This one we will follow in the class

This one we will

This one is written by a lawyer

Another book for

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 11

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 12

Therefore we conclude that itEquation

 Power system engineering

 For cosmopolitan cities overhead distribution lines are

2. High Voltage Generation

4.MEASUREMENT OF IMPULS CURRENTS

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 19

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 21

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 22

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 23

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 24

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 25

iv) Ripple Factor

Change / variation of voltage

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 26

If unloaded the diodes do not conduct and the ripple is

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 27

Output voltage could be obtained as below

The optimum number stage (n) as:

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 28

‫‪07/13/20‬‬ ‫‪Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan‬‬ ‫‪29‬‬

Voltages at nodes ‘1’ are constant 9dc)

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 31

Loaded cascade circuit, definitions of voltage drop  Vo and ripple V

i) Test transformer ii) Cascaded transformer iii) Resonant circuit

Simple design ; usually, one side is earthed

Basic circuit of cascaded transformers. (1) Primary widings. (2) Seconddary

For an RLC series circuit the resonant frequency is

The output voltage acros the test object is

• Better waveshape (fundamental times 50)

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 36

a) Previous designs (no reactors)

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 37

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 38

An impulse voltage is a unidirectional voltage which, without

Why impulse voltage?

Tolerances : (IEC60, BS923)

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 40

Spherical spark gap

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 41

- Time to half peak value

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 42

07/13/20 Dr. Zakieldeen Elhassan 43

With initial condition:

:and as a Laplace transform equation

The voltage across the

For an over damped condition, R/2L ≥ 1/√LC

times are independently controlled by changing either R1 or R2 separately. Secondly, the

test objects which are mainly capacitive in nature from part of C2 .

Performing Laplace transformation,

Where, i2 is the current through C2 .

Where, represents the impedance of the parallel

After simplification and rearrangement,

are found for the relation,

Where, V is the D.C. charging