Department of Computer Softwar

e Engineering
SIMULATION OF GSM TRANSCEIVER

Presented by
♣ Farooq Shah
♣ Muhammad Ilyas Afridi
♣ Niaz Ali Roomi
♣ Zeeshan Aslam

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
OBJECTIVE

To understand the working of the GSM

Transceiver system and implementation of
different phases of the transceiver process.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
WHY THIS PROJECT ?

Because :
 GSM technology has got the majority of market
shares and is growing rapidly.
 Many multinational telecom companies have
invested their capital in Asian and Middle-east
companies hence producing career prospects in this
field.
 This particular project will enable us to gain a better
know-how of GSM and obtain better opportunities in
the telecom sector.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Platform

We intend to work on a software capable of

simulating a series of GSM data blocks (used
in transceiver) and subsequently perform
correct reception of these.
 MATLAB

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
INTRODUCTION TO GSM
TRANSCEIVER

GSM Transceiver comprises of the following

components:
– Analog to Digital Converter
– Speech Encoder
– Channel Encoder
– Multiplexer
– Frequency Modulation
– RF Transmission

And the reverse process for the Receiver

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
…continued

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
PROJECT OVERVIEW

 Speech Encoder
– Speech encoder reduces redundancy in the
speech signal and thus results in signal
compression.
 Channel Encoder
– Channel encoder is used to protect the logical
channels from transmission errors introduced by
the radio path.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
 …continued

 Interleaving
– Interleaving is used to protect burst errors. It is the process
of rearranging the bits. By interleaving the code, there is
less possibility that a whole chunk of code can be lost
 Multiplexing
– GSM uses a mix of Frequency Division Multiple Access
(FDMA) and Time Division Multiple Access (TDMA). Time
Division Multiplexing is used to divide a 200KHz Channel
Length (from a total of 125 Channels) into 8 Time Slots.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
 …continued

 Modulation
– Modulation is the process of varying a carrier
signal. In this we change the amplitude, phase or
frequency of the carrier signal (sinusoid).
– We have used Frequency modulation in order to
modulate a signal at a specific carrier frequency
according to FDMA Mechanism.
– GSM uses a total of 50 MHz frequency band for
uplink and downlink (25 Mhz – uplink and 25 Mhz
– Downlink)

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
OVERVIEW OF GSM TECHNOLOGY

The Global System for Mobile

communications (GSM) is a digital cellular
communications system. It was developed in
order to create a common European mobile
telephone standard but it has been rapidly
accepted worldwide

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
 …continued

 The GSM network can be divided into four

main parts:
 The Base Station Subsystem (BSS).
 The Network and Switching Subsystem
(NSS).
 The Operation and Support Subsystem
(OSS).
 The Mobile Station (MS).

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
 …continued

 Base Station Subsystem (BSS)

– Base System Controller (BSC)
– Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
– Transcoder (XCDR)

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
 …continued

 The Network and Switching Subsystem

(NSS)
– Mobile Switching Centre (MSC)
– Home Location Register (HLR)
– Visitor Location Register (VLR)
– Authentication Controller (AUC)
– Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
– Inter-working Function (IWF)
– Echo Canceller (EC)

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
 …continued

 The Operation and Support Subsystem

(OSS)
– Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC)
– Network Management Centre (NMC)

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
 …continued

 Mobile Station (MS)

– Mobile Equipment (ME)
– Subscriber Identity Module (SIM)

– And ME contains the

GSM TRANSCEIVER…

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
INTRODUCTION TO GSM
TRANSCEIVER

 GSM Transceiver comprises of the following

components:
– Analog to Digital Converter
– Speech Encoder
– Channel Encoder
– Multiplexer
– Frequency Modulation
– RF Transmission

– and the reverse process for the Receiver

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
SPEECH CODING

 Speech coding removes redundancy from

data resulting in compression of the data
 The speech signal is divided into blocks of 20
ms. These blocks are then passed to the
speech coder, which has a rate of 13 kbps, in
order to obtain blocks of 260 bits.
 The 64 kbps resulting from PCM are
compressed to 13 kbps

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
CHANNEL CODING

 Channel coding adds redundancy bits to the original

information in order to detect and correct, if possible,
errors occurred during the transmission.
 The convolution encoder is defined as a half rate
encoder two output bits are generated for every input
bit
 The convolution code uses 5 consecutive bits in
order to compute the redundancy bit.
 Channel coding for data differs than that for speech
and control channels

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
CHANNEL CODING for Speech

 An output block after channel coding is of

456 bits.
 The data rate after channel coding is 22.8
kbps.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
INTERLEAVING

 Interleaving rearranges a group of bits in a

particular way to improve the performance of
the error correction mechanisms.
 The interleaving decreases the possibility of
losing whole bursts during the transmission,
by dispersing the errors.
 Interleaving reduces the probability of bit
error.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
 …continued

 In GSM, we use diagonal interleaving

 In which each block contains 456 bits, these blocks
are then divided into eight blocks each containing 57
bits. Each block will only contain bits from even bit
positions or bits from odd bit positions.
 The first four blocks will be placed in the even bit
positions of the first four bursts.
 The last four blocks will be placed in the odd bit
positions of the next four bursts.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
MULTIPLEXING & MODULATION

 After interleaving the bits are divided into

chunks of 57 bit data which are then provided
to GSM Bursts.
– A GSM Burst is a 157 bit slot which is formed
after dividing the 200 KHz Channel using TDM.
 In this project we have used FSK Modulation
in order to convert the bits of GSM Burst to
signal for transmission and it is provided to
RF Transmitter.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering
MODULATION NRZL
(Non return to zero level)

 IN NRZL a binary one is represented by one

voltage level and a binary zero is
represented by another voltage level.
 There is a change in level when data change
from one to zero, or from zero to one.
 With NRZ the one to zero or zero to one data
transition changes pulse polarity, without
data transition.

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
FREQUENCY MODULATION
 Different techniques can be used for data
modulation
 FSK is one of the simple and fast technique
used in modulation.
 IN FSK we have used a sinusoid of
frequency 4k for binary 1 and 1k for binary 0

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
 …continued

 A sinosoid of frequency 4kHz can be

represented by 8 samples:
[ 0 1 0 -1 0 1 0 -1 ]

 A sinosoid of frequency 1kHz can be

represented by another 8 samples:
[ 0 0.7071 1 0.7071 0 -0.7071 -1 -0.7071]

Department of Computer Software

Engineering
Department of Computer Software
Engineering